Effects of Soil Conditions on Survival and Growth of Black Willow Cuttings

Schaff, Steven D.; Pezeshki, S. R.; Shields, F. Douglas

doi:10.1007/s00267-002-2909-y

Cited by 59 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Indeed, the Hm −1 index reflected the vegetation's successional stages. Such associations were already demonstrated between soil texture and moisture and Salix nigra (Schaff et al, 2003). These results agree with the idea that restoring the physical heterogeneity of a site promotes its biological diversity (Miller et al, 2010;Palmer et al, 2010) and gives a positive signal for project evaluation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of riparian soil morphology in a restored floodplain

Fournier

Guénat

Bullinger-Weber

et al. 2013

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract.Floodplains have been intensively altered in industrialized countries, but are now increasingly being restored. It is therefore important to assess the effect of these restoration projects on the aquatic and terrestrial components of ecosystems. However, despite being functionally crucial components of terrestrial ecosystems, soils are generally overlooked in floodplain restoration assessments.We studied the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of soil morphology in a restored (riverbed widening) river reach along the River Thur (Switzerland) using three criteria (soil diversity, dynamism and typicality) and their associated indicators. We hypothesized that these criteria would correctly discriminate the post-restoration changes in soil morphology, and that these changes correspond to patterns of vascular plant diversity.Soil diversity and dynamism increased 5 yr after the restoration, but some typical soils of braided rivers were still missing. Soil typicality and dynamism were correlated to vegetation changes. These results suggest a limited success of the project, in agreement with evaluations carried out at the same site using other, more resource-demanding, methods (e.g., soil fauna, fish diversity, ecosystem functioning).Soil morphology provides structural and functional information on floodplain ecosystems. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of soil morphology represents a cost-efficient ecological indicator that could easily be integrated into rapid assessment protocols of floodplain and river restoration projects.The follow-up assessment after several major floods (≥ HQ20) should take place to allow for testing the longerterm validity of our conclusion for the River Thur site. More generally, it would be useful to apply the soil morphology indicator approach in different settings to test its broader applicability.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of riparian soil morphology in a restored floodplain

Fournier

Guénat

Bullinger-Weber

et al. 2013

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…The same methods for live stake selection and soaking were used as in the dormant season experiment. Height, diameter at root collar, and survival were determined at three and six months for every stake (Schaff et al 2003;Pezeshki and Shields 2006). Data Analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although black willow (Salix nigra) has the ability to rapidly establish from dormant cuttings (Pezeshki et al 2005;Greer et al 2006), it has been noted to have poor root strength, relatively lower roots per unit area than sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and river birch (Betula nigra), and shallow roots that are mostly in the upper 20 to 30 cm (8 to 11.8 in) (Simon and Collison 2002). The use of willow species as live stakes has been adopted by several agencies even with a survival rate as low as 40% (Schaff et al 2003;Greer et. al.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2006;Pezeshki and Shields 2006). The low survival rate has been linked to flooding, drought, vertical location on bank, soil texture, and soil fertility (Pezeshki et al 1998;Schaff et al 2003;Greer et al 2006;Li et al 2006;Pezeshki and Shields 2006;Tilley and Hoag 2008). Other trees and shrubs that root easily have not been well evaluated and may or may not outperform willow species (Darris 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of native woody species for use as live stakes in streambank stabilization in the southeastern United States

Hunolt¹,

Brantley²,

Howe³

et al. 2013

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

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Live stakes are cuttings taken from dormant woody plant species used to establish riparian vegetation. Although many species may be suitable, black willow (Salix nigra) is the species of choice in streambank stabilization projects in the southeastern United States. Studies were conducted on four species native to the southeastern United States that have potential for success as live stakes. Black willow, silky willow (Salix sericea), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), and Virginia sweetspire (Itea virginica) were evaluated for biomass differences among species, effect of soaking stakes in tap water for 48 hours prior to installation, and differences in survival attributed to season of harvest. The experiment was conducted at the Paterson Horticulture Greenhouse Complex, Auburn University, Alabama. Each species was established from live stakes and had 100% survival when harvested during the dormant season. Total biomass of soaked and nonsoaked live stakes of silky dogwood was greater than soaked and nonsoaked black willow live stakes at nine months. This was driven by belowground biomass. At nine months, silky dogwood belowground biomass for nonsoaked stakes was greater than belowground biomass for black willow, silky willow, and Virginia sweetspire. Belowground biomass of soaked silky dogwood stakes was similar to belowground biomass of silky willow and greater than belowground biomass of black willow. Soaking live stakes collected in the dormant season for 48 hours resulted in only one significant total biomass difference between soaked and nonsoaked in the species silky dogwood at six months. After nine months of growth, there were no differences between soaked and nonsoaked live stake biomass. Virginia sweetspire, a shrub, consistently had less biomass, diameter, and height than the other species. However, the nine month root:shoot ratio of Virginia sweetspire was greater than both willow species and similar to silky dogwood. There was 0% survival of black willow, silky willow, and silky dogwood after six months when live stakes were harvested during the growing season irrespective of soaking treatment. Live stakes of Virginia sweetspire harvested in the growing season had a survival rate of 80% for soaked stakes and 67% for nonsoaked stakes. The four native species evaluated in this study became established and survived as live stakes. These species are candidates for use in riparian enhancement and restoration projects, which will assist with increasing riparian plant diversity.

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“…is a recommended species for riparian restoration in western countries for its easy propagation from cuttings and rapid growth and wide tolerance to soil flooding [26][27][28]. Many studies have addressed the tolerance of Salix spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and Physiological Adaptation of Salix matsudana Koidz. to Periodic Submergence in the Hydro-Fluctuation Zone of the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir of China

Wang

Xie

et al. 2017

Forests

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Submergence-tolerant trees are essential for vegetation restoration of the hydro-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir (TGDR) area. Thus, it is of great significance to select the submergence-tolerant plant species by conducting in situ studies. To restore degraded riparian vegetation under the circumstances of dynamic impoundment of the TGDR, Salix matsudana Koidz., a flooding-tolerant native tree species, was introduced to conduct an in situ practical study to test its performance in re-vegetating and restoring the hydro-fluctuation zone of the TGDR. Effects of periodic moderate submergence (MS) and deep submergence (DS) on photosynthesis and growth of Salix matsudana Koidz. were investigated after three water cycles compared to a control (i.e., shallow submergence, abbreviated as SS) in order to specifically assess its application prospects in vegetation restoration under such extreme environment. Results showed that net photosynthetic rate (P n ), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and limiting value of stomata (Ls) of S. matsudana were significantly reduced in DS. However, pigment content had no significant change in all submergence treatments. Diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height of S. matsudana were significantly decreased in both MS and DS when compared to that of SS, respectively. In contrast, the primary branch number of S. matsudana was significantly increased as submergence increased. In addition, relative diameter and height growth rates of S. matsudana were also reduced under submergence. Considering the sustained growth of this species, S. matsudana saplings are tolerant to long-term periodic submergence and can be applied to the vegetative restoration of the hydro-fluctuation zone of the TGDR region.

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Effects of Soil Conditions on Survival and Growth of Black Willow Cuttings

Cited by 59 publications

References 48 publications

Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of riparian soil morphology in a restored floodplain

Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of riparian soil morphology in a restored floodplain

Comparison of native woody species for use as live stakes in streambank stabilization in the southeastern United States

Growth and Physiological Adaptation of Salix matsudana Koidz. to Periodic Submergence in the Hydro-Fluctuation Zone of the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir of China

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