EFFECTS OF SOCIAL AND EXTRA-PAIR MATING ON SEXUAL SELECTION IN BLUE TITS (<i>CYANISTES CAERULEUS</i>)

Schlicht, Emmi; Kempenaers, Bart

doi:10.1111/evo.12073

Cited by 27 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Regardless of the behavioural mechanism, our results support the hypothesis that the perceived risk of predation influences levels of extra‐pair paternity. This is relevant because extra‐pair paternity can lead to greater variation in mating success between males, which is the basis for sexual selection to act (Andersson, ; Griffith et al, ; Schlicht & Kempenaers, ; Westneat & Stewart, ). Recent work has shown that the perceived risk of predation can have substantial effects on prey species by suppressing their reproductive success, and the non‐consumptive effects of predators thus represent a significant selection pressure (Basso & Richner, ; Ghalambor et al, ; Hua et al, ; LaManna & Martin, ; Sheriff et al, ; Zanette et al, , but see Santema, Valcu, Clinchy, Zanette, & Kempenaers, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to predator models during the fertile period leads to higher levels of extra‐pair paternity in blue tits

Santema

Vâlcu

Kempenaers

2019

Journal of Animal Ecology

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The perceived risk of predation can affect breeding behaviour and reduce reproductive success in prey species. Individuals exposed to predators may also adopt different mating tactics with potential consequences for the distribution of paternity in socially monogamous species that engage in extra‐pair copulations. We experimentally increased perceived predation risk during the fertile period in blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus. Every morning between nest completion and the onset of egg laying, we presented a model of either a predator or a non‐predator (control) near active nestboxes. Broods from pairs exposed to predators had higher levels of extra‐pair paternity than control broods. This mainly resulted from a higher proportion of extra‐pair offspring in broods with at least one extra‐pair young. Females exposed to predators first emerged from the nestbox later in the morning, stayed away from the nestbox for longer and were less likely to be visited at the nest by their social mate, but we detected no behavioural differences once the model was removed. Our results suggest that the higher rates of extra‐pair paternity resulted from the disruption of morning routines, which may have inhibited within‐pair copulations or increased opportunities for females to engage in extra‐pair copulations. We conclude that the perceived risk of predation can have substantial effects on levels of extra‐pair paternity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to predator models during the fertile period leads to higher levels of extra‐pair paternity in blue tits

Santema

Vâlcu

Kempenaers

2019

Journal of Animal Ecology

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“…A recent study of the hermaphroditic snail, Physa acuta , found significant covariances between different components of male reproductive success [28]. Similarly, studies of passerine birds forming social pair bonds have quantified the covariance between within- and extra-pair components of male reproductive success, demonstrating that such covariance can represent a substantial source of variation in male reproductive success in some populations [70,71], but less so in others [48,72]. In part, differences between these studies are likely to reflect a combination of biological factors, such as population size, patterns of variation in polyandry, mate availability and clutch size, and future studies should seek to resolve how Bateman principles can be modulated by these factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The measure and significance of Bateman's principles

et al. 2014

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Bateman's principles explain sex roles and sexual dimorphism through sex-specific variance in mating success, reproductive success and their relationships within sexes (Bateman gradients). Empirical tests of these principles, however, have come under intense scrutiny. Here, we experimentally show that in replicate groups of red junglefowl, Gallus gallus, mating and reproductive successes were more variable in males than in females, resulting in a steeper male Bateman gradient, consistent with Bateman's principles. However, we use novel quantitative techniques to reveal that current methods typically overestimate Bateman's principles because they (i) infer mating success indirectly from offspring parentage, and thus miss matings that fail to result in fertilization, and (ii) measure Bateman gradients through the univariate regression of reproductive over mating success, without considering the substantial influence of other components of male reproductive success, namely female fecundity and paternity share. We also find a significant female Bateman gradient but show that this likely emerges as spurious consequences of male preference for fecund females, emphasizing the need for experimental approaches to establish the causal relationship between reproductive and mating success. While providing qualitative support for Bateman's principles, our study demonstrates how current approaches can generate a misleading view of sex differences and roles.

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“…Yet, any conclusions remain necessarily restricted to the specific and uncontrolled conditions that prevailed during the study period. Field studies make it almost impossible to obtain complete information on offspring and their parents – sires in particular (Schlicht & Kempenaers ; Jones ; but see Rodriguez‐Munoz et al . ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, focusing on between‐sex comparisons of the variance in reproductive success ( I ), Pélissié, Jarne & David () developed a procedure to estimate the expected value of the (binomial) sampling error that results from incomplete offspring sampling, and to adjust the estimated variances accordingly. Finally, Schlicht & Kempenaers () developed an approach for open populations to check the sensitivity of sexual selection metrics to undetected sires (via sibship analysis) and to compare observed values against expected sexual selection metrics under random mating (similar approach in Baena & Macías‐Ordóñez ).…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring and interpreting sexual selection metrics: evaluation and guidelines

et al. 2016

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Summary Routine assessments of overall sexual selection, including comparisons of its direction and intensity between sexes or species, rely on summary metrics that capture the essence of sexual selection. Nearly all currently employed metrics require population‐wide estimates of individual mating success and reproductive success. The resulting sexual selection metrics, however, can heavily and systematically vary with the chosen approaches in terms of sampling, measurement, and analysis. Our review illustrates this variation, using the Bateman gradient, a particularly prominent sexual selection metric. It represents the selection gradient on mating success and – given the latter's pivotal role in defining sexual selection – reflects a trait‐independent integrative proxy for the maximum strength of sexual selection. Drawing from a recent meta‐analysis, we evaluate potential biases arising from study design, data collection and parameter estimation, and provide suggestions to mitigate such biases in future studies. With respect to study design, we argue that currently almost inexistent manipulative studies must complement the dominating correlative studies to inform us about causality in sexual selection. With respect to data collection, we outline how different measures of mating and reproductive success affect the components of sexual (and natural) selection that are reflected in standard summary metrics. With respect to parameter estimation, we show the potential impact of decisions about data inclusion and the chosen quantitative approach on inferences of sexual selection and its sex difference. We expect this meta‐analytical review to aid future studies in providing less biased and more informative estimates of sexual selection.

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EFFECTS OF SOCIAL AND EXTRA-PAIR MATING ON SEXUAL SELECTION IN BLUE TITS (CYANISTES CAERULEUS)

Cited by 27 publications

References 113 publications

Exposure to predator models during the fertile period leads to higher levels of extra‐pair paternity in blue tits

Exposure to predator models during the fertile period leads to higher levels of extra‐pair paternity in blue tits

The measure and significance of Bateman's principles

Measuring and interpreting sexual selection metrics: evaluation and guidelines

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