Effects of smoking on long term patency of arteriovenous fistulas.

Abstract

Irrespective of the cause of the observed differences in serum creatinine concentrations between the study patients and controls, the serum creatinine concentration should clearly be interpreted with caution in patients with rheumatic diseases. Perhaps lower normal or reference values should be used in such patients and in other patients with atrophic muscles. 1 Brochner-Mortensen J. A simple method for the determination of glomerular filtration rate. Scand]3 Clin Lab Invest 1972;30:271-4. 2 Fabiny DL, Ertinghausen G. Automated rate-reaction method for determination of serum creatinine with the Centri-Chem. ClGn Chem 1971 ;17:696-700. 3Granerus G, Aurell M. Reference values for 51Cr-EDTA clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration rate. Scandj3 Clin Lab Invest 1981;41: 611-6. Jungner I, Jungner G. Creatinine and creatine clearance in the acute stage of paralytic poliomyelitis. Acta Med Scand 1960;166:357-68.

Effect of carvedilol on arteriovenous graft primary patency

“…23,24 Therefore, massive studies aimed at investigating how to prolong the usage time of arteriovenous shunts have been conducted. Such studies have mainly included three parts: (1) an investigation of the risk factors associated with arteriovenous shunt critical stenosis or occlusion, 16,17,19,20 (2) a comparison of different interventional techniques for restoring arteriovenous shunts' patency, 25,26 and (3) an exploration of the medications that could prolong the primary patency of such shunts. However, with respect to the medications that might prolong the primary patency, first, the results of past studies have not been consistent, and second, some medications, such as statins and aspirin, only seem to benefit the patency of AVFs but not AVGs.…”

“…The comorbidities and behaviors that were shown to be associated with the risk of IH or arteriovenous shunt failure in past research were included in this study, namely, diabetes mellitus (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 250.00–250.03, 250.80–250.83, 250.90–250.93), 16,17 hyperlipidemia (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 272.0–272.4), hypotension (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 458.1 and 458.9), 18 coronary artery disease (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 414.9, 410.9, 411.89, 411.81, 412), hypertension (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 401–405), congestive heart failure (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 428.0, 428.1, 402.9, 425.7), and smoking/smoking-related diseases (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 305.1, 491.2, 492.8, 496, 523.6, and V15.82). 19,20…”

“…250.00-250.03, 250.80-250.83, 250.90-250.93), 16,17 hyperlipidemia (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 272.0-272.4), hypotension (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 458.1 and 458.9), 18 coronary artery disease (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 414.9, 410.9, 411.89, 411.81, 412), hypertension (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 401-405), congestive heart failure (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 428.0, 428.1, 402.9, 425.7), and smoking/smoking-related diseases (ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes: 305.1, 491.2, 492.8, 496, 523.6, and V15.82). 19,20 Similarly, medications that may be associated with a decreased risk of arteriovenous shunt failure were included, namely, CCBs (including amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem, isradipine, and nicardipine), ACEIs (including benazepril, enalapril, lisinopril, quinapril, captopril, fosinopril, ramipril, and cilazapril), ARBs (including candesartan, losartan, irbesartan, valsartan, and olmesartan medoxomil), and PAIs (including dipyridamole, acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, and cilostazol). Besides, because marked underestimation of hypotension in the NHIRD was noticed in past research, midodrine, which is usually used to treat chronic hypotension in dialysis patients, was used as a substitute for hypotension in the multivariate analysis.…”