Effects of sleep and arousal on the processing of visual information in the cat

Livingstone, Margaret S.; Hubel, David H.

doi:10.1038/291554a0

Cited by 555 publications

(301 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…For example, stimulation of the reticular formation enhances responses and the signal to noise ratio in the visual cortex of the cat (Singer, 1979). The same effect can be observed after application of noradrenalin (Kasamatsu & Heggelund, 1982) or in awake cats in comparison to sleeping animals (Livingstone & Hubel, 1981). Gonzales-Lima and Scheich (1984a) demonstrated that combined acoustic and reticular stimulation leads to a higher of 2-DG labeling than pure acoustic stimulation in parts of the inferior colliculus of rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Isolation-dependent enhancement of 2-[14C]deoxyglucose uptake in the forebrain of zebra finch males

Bischof

Herrmann

1988

Behavioral and Neural Biology

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In a previous study (H. J. Bischof & K. Herrmann (1986), Behavioral Brain Research, 21, 215-221) we demonstrated that four forebrain areas of the zebra finch male are activated in situations which arouse the animal, for example when the birds are chased around the cage or when they are exposed to a female. These areas, the hyperstriatum accessorium-dorsale (HAD), a part of the medial neo-hyperstriatum (MNH), the lateral neo-hyperstriatum (LNH), and a portion of the caudal archi-neostriatum (ANC), show enhanced 2-[~4C]deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake according to the experimental situation. On the basis of these experiments, we examined whether the activation of the areas is correlated with motor activity and is influenced by different isolation times prior to a 2-DG experiment, where courtship of the male birds is elicited by exposing them to a female zebra finch. For this purpose, we isolated male zebra finches for 1 day, 1 week, or 8 weeks, respectively, before we injected the 2-DG and exposed the birds to a female. During the experiment, besides other activities, the number of song motifs performed by the bird and the frequency of changing perches was recorded. Our experiments demonstrate that there is a weak negative correlation between motor activity and 2-DG uptake, and a positive correlation between isolation time and 2-DG uptake. We suggest that long isolation blocks courtship behavior by some unknown mechanisms, and that the "internal drive" of the animal, which possibly corresponds with the activity of the four forebrain areas, is enhanced by isolation and by the fact that the birds do not perform the consummatory behavior. Our results also demonstrate that the 2-DG method can show up small differences in the internal state of an animal, which cannot easily be detected by behavioral measurements. © 1988 Academic Press, IncThe metabolic rate and the neuronal activity of brain areas can be measured by the 2-[I4C]deoxyglucose (2-DG) method (e

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Isolation-dependent enhancement of 2-[14C]deoxyglucose uptake in the forebrain of zebra finch males

Bischof

Herrmann

1988

Behavioral and Neural Biology

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“…Indeed, the neocortical ACH concentration specifically increases during wakefulness and periods of sustained attention (1,2). Furthermore, iontophoresis of ACH in the neocortex of anesthetized animals (3)(4)(5) produces an increase in amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of evoked sensory responses similar to those occurring after transition from sleep to wakefulness (6). Conversely, experimental lesions of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain (7), the major source of neocortical ACH, or genetically induced reduction of ACH release (8) lead to impaired sensory processing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cholinergic filtering in the recurrent excitatory microcircuit of cortical layer 4

Eggermann

Feldmeyer

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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Neocortical acetylcholine (ACH) release is known to enhance signal processing by increasing the amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of sensory responses. It is widely accepted that the larger sensory responses are caused by a persistent increase in the excitability of all cortical excitatory neurons. Here, contrary to this concept, we show that ACH persistently inhibits layer 4 (L4) spiny neurons, the main targets of thalamocortical inputs. Using whole-cell recordings in slices of rat primary somatosensory cortex, we demonstrate that this inhibition is specific to L4 and contrasts with the ACH-induced persistent excitation of pyramidal cells in L2/3 and L5. We find that this inhibition is induced by postsynaptic M 4 -muscarinic ACH receptors and is mediated by the opening of inwardly rectifying potassium (K ir ) channels. Pair recordings of L4 spiny neurons show that ACH reduces synaptic release in the L4 recurrent microcircuit. We conclude that ACH has a differential layer-specific effect that results in a filtering of weak sensory inputs in the L4 recurrent excitatory microcircuit and a subsequent amplification of relevant inputs in L2/3 and L5 excitatory microcircuits. This layer-specific effect may contribute to improve cortical SNR.

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“…The burst state results from relative hyperpolarization and the tonic state from relative depolarization of the resting membrane potential (McCormick and Bal, 1997;Steriade et al, 1993). During EEG synchronized sleep when the thalamic neurons are hyperpolarized and in burst mode, there is a diminished responsiveness of thalamic sensory neurons to stimuli within their receptive fields with lowered signal-to-noise ratio (Livingstone and Hubel, 1981;McCormick and Feeser, 1990). The thalamic burst and tonic activity states are seen in thalamocortical relay and thalamic reticular nucleus neurons.…”

Section: Sleep-wake Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Oken

Salinsky

Elsas

2006

Clinical Neurophysiology

658

463

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Vigilance is a term with varied definitions but the most common usage is sustained attention or tonic alertness. This usage of vigilance implies both the degree of arousal on the sleep-wake axis and the level of cognitive performance. There are many interacting neural and neurotransmitter systems that affect vigilance. Most studies of vigilance have relied on states where the sleep-wake state is altered, e.g. drowsiness, sleep-deprivation, and CNS-active drugs, but there are factors ranging from psychophysics to motivation that may impact vigilance. While EEG is the most commonly studied physiologic measure of vigilance, various measures of eye movement and of autonomic nervous system activity have also been used. This review paper discusses the underlying neural basis of vigilance and its assessment using physiologic tools. Since, assessment of vigilance requires assessment of cognitive function this aspect is also discussed.

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Effects of sleep and arousal on the processing of visual information in the cat

Cited by 555 publications

References 35 publications

Isolation-dependent enhancement of 2-[14C]deoxyglucose uptake in the forebrain of zebra finch males

Isolation-dependent enhancement of 2-[14C]deoxyglucose uptake in the forebrain of zebra finch males

Cholinergic filtering in the recurrent excitatory microcircuit of cortical layer 4

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

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