Effects of single exposure and binary mixtures of ultraviolet filters octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino) benzoate on gene expression in the freshwater insect Chironomus riparius

Direct and indirect eluates from bulk fill resin-based-composites

“…In a study with the mosquito species Chironomus riparius, a standard model for toxicity testing in water, it was shown that Padimate O acts as an endocrine disruptor. It was also found to interfere with the transcriptional activity of genes that control stress response, detoxification and the immune system [54]. Furthermore, Padimate O has been found to be photocarcinogenic in in vitro studies and shows similarity to the chemical structure of Michler's ketone (4,4'-Bis(N,N-dimethylamino)benzophenone), which meets the criteria for classification as a carcinogen under REACH [53,55].…”

“…Like other UV filters, it has been found in concentrations ranging from nanograms to micrograms per litre in wastewater after treatment at the sewage treatment plant. Thus, the substance enters natural waters and the animals living there are exposed to it [54]. In a study with the mosquito species Chironomus riparius, a standard model for toxicity testing in water, it was shown that Padimate O acts as an endocrine disruptor.…”