Effects of Silver Diamine Nitrate and Silver Diamine Fluoride on Dentin Remineralization and Cytotoxicity to Dental Pulp Cells: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

Silver diamine nitrate (SDN) is expected to help control caries similar to silver diamine fluoride (SDF). The aim of this study was to determine the mineral precipitation in demineralized dentin and the cytotoxicity of SDN and SDF to dental pulp cells. Demineralized dentin specimens were prepared, and SDF, SDN, or water (control) was applied. The specimens were then remineralized in simulated body fluid for 2 weeks. The mineral precipitation in the specimens was examined using FTIR-ATR, SEM-EDX, and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM). Additionally, the cytotoxicity of SDF and SDN to human dental pulp stem cells was analyzed using an MTT assay. The increase in FTIR spectra attributable to apatite formation in demineralized dentin in the SDF group was significantly higher compared to the SDN and control groups (p < 0.05). Dentinal tubule occlusion by the precipitation of silver salts was detected in both SDF and SDN groups. The mineral density as shown in SRXTM images and cytotoxicity of both SDN and SDF groups were comparable (p > 0.05). In conclusion, SDF demonstrated superior in vitro apatite formation compared to SDN. However, the degree of mineral precipitation and cytotoxic effects of both were similar.

An In Vitro Pilot Study on the Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Periodontal Pathogens and Three-Dimensional Scaffolds of Human Fibroblasts and Epithelial Cells

“…It retained its cytotoxic effects after 9 weeks of rinsing with artificial saliva [ 28 ]. SDF cytotoxicity may be related to increase in oxidative stress or lipid peroxidation [ 29 ]. Our results concur with previous 2D in vitro studies of human gingival fibroblasts: toxicity is instantaneous and severe.…”

The potential of eggshell hydroxyapatite, collagen, and EGCG (HAp-Col-EGCG) scaffold as a pulp regeneration material

“…The percentage of cell viability formula using a relative optical density. The material of the samples is not toxic if the cell viability is>50 % (ISO 10993–5) ( Hikmawati et al, 2019 , Srisomboon et al, 2022 ). …”

Synchrotron X-ray Studies of the Structural and Functional Hierarchies in Mineralised Human Dental Enamel: A State-of-the-Art Review

“…The porosities were visualised in the demineralised zones, and a difference in the response to the remineralisation was found between the tubular and inter-tubular regions, with an increase of linear attenuation coefficient detected in the inter-tubular region. Studies also analysed the precipitate from silver diamine nitrate and fluoride, with analysis of the contrast obtained after the acquisition, and radio dense zones were visualised in comparison to the control sample at a resolution of 1.44 µm, suggesting remineralisation [ 305 , 621 ] using synchrotron and laboratory tomography. The polymerisation of dental composites in teeth was also studied using in situ phase contrast-enhanced radioscopy, providing visual information on the delamination occurring during the polymerisation, with the formation of a gap between the adhesive layer and the dentine with time, Figure 8 a.…”

“…The data were extracted from Endnote software in ‘.txt’ format and manually edited to arrange the studies by techniques. In total, 31 terms were considered based on these studies [ 11 , 31 , 39 , 56 , 57 , 77 , 78 , 89 , 90 , 121 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 175 , 193 , 195 , 247 , 266 , 286 , 294 , 299 , 303 , 304 , 305 , 306 , 307 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 , 314 , 315 , 316 , 317 , 318 , 319 , 320 , 321 , 322 , 323 , 324 , 325 , 326 , 327 , 328 , 329 , 330 , ...…”