Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollutants on the Inflammatory Response and Respiratory Symptoms: A Panel Study in Schoolchildren from Rural Areas of Japan

Watanabe, Masanari; Noma, Hisashi; Kurai, Jun; Sano, Hiroyuki; Hantan, Degejirihu; Ueki, Minoru; Kitano, Hiroya; Shimizu, Eiji

doi:10.3390/ijerph13100983

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In this study, we observed that older children, i.e., those aged 9–10 years, are more resistant to exogenous factors, including PM pollution. Previous studies showed that only when particulate air pollutants have the potential for inducing the pro-inflammatory response, which is dependent on the types and sources of PM, are they able to aggravate the respiratory symptoms of children [43]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fine Particulate Matter in Urban Environments: A Trigger of Respiratory Symptoms in Sensitive Children

Dunea

Iordache

Pohoata

2016

IJERPH

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The overall objective of this research was to study children’s respiratory illness levels in Targoviste (Romania) in relationship to the outdoor concentrations of airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter below 2.5 µm (PM2.5). We monitored and analysed the PM2.5 concentrations according to a complex experimental protocol. The health trial was conducted over three months (October–December 2015) and required the active cooperation of the children’s parents to monitor carefully the respiratory symptoms of the child, i.e., coughing, rhinorrhoea, wheezing, and fever, as well as their outdoor program. We selected the most sensitive children (n = 25; age: 2–10 years) with perturbed respiratory health, i.e., wheezing, asthma, and associated symptoms. The estimated average PM2.5 doses were 0.8–14.5 µg·day−1 for weekdays, and 0.4–6.6 µg·day−1 for the weekend. The frequency and duration of the symptoms decreased with increasing age. The 4- to 5-year old children recorded the longest duration of symptoms, except for rhinorrhoea, which suggested that this age interval is the most vulnerable to exogenous trigger agents (p < 0.01) compared to the other age groups. PM2.5 air pollution was found to have a direct positive correlation with the number of wheezing episodes (r = 0.87; p < 0.01) in November 2015. Monitoring of wheezing occurrences in the absence of fever can provide a reliable assessment of the air pollution effect on the exacerbation of asthma and respiratory disorders in sensitive children.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The issue is more important in the case of sensitive children that have asthma and asthma-related respiratory disorders. Consequently, our study was developed in line with the latest experimental approaches for quantifying the effects of particulate air pollutants on the inflammatory response and respiratory symptoms in children [42,43,44,45]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine Particulate Matter in Urban Environments: A Trigger of Respiratory Symptoms in Sensitive Children

Dunea

Iordache

Pohoata

2016

IJERPH

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“…Numerous experimental studies have demonstrated that ambient PM can induce IL-6, but IL-6 production was not detected in our study. Our previous study showed that the production of IL-6 in response to ambient PM in THP1 cells was lower than the production of IL-8 [ 43 ]. The lack of IL-6 production in the present study may be explained by the low concentration of ambient PM, i.e., 1 μg/mL; most studies have used more than 10 μg/mL PM to investigate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to ambient PM [ 12 – 15 , 22 – 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone augments interleukin-8 production induced by ambient particulate matter

et al. 2018

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BackgroundExperimental and controlled human exposure studies have demonstrated additive effects of ambient particulate matter and ozone on health. A few epidemiological studies have suggested that ambient particulate matter components are important for the combined effects of ambient particulate matter and ozone on health. However, few studies have examined whether ozone changes the effects of ambient particulate matter on pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In this study, the influence of ozone on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to ambient particulate matter was evaluated.ResultsAmbient particulate matter smaller than 1 μm was collected and the suspension of this particulate matter was bubbled through 0.12 ppm and 0.24 ppm ozone. THP1 cells were stimulated by the solution containing the particulate matter with and without bubbling through ozone at 1 μg/mL. The interleukin-8 concentrations in the supernatants of THP1 cells stimulated by collected particulate matter dissolved in solution were 108.3 ± 24.7 pg/mL without ozone exposure, 165.0 ± 26.1 pg/mL for 0.12 ppm ozone bubbling for 1 min, 175.1 ± 33.1 pg/mL for 0.12 ppm for 5 min, 183.3 ± 17.8 pg/mL for 0.12 ppm for 15 min, 167.8 ± 35.9 pg/mL for 0.24 ppm for 1 min, 209.2 ± 8.4 pg/mL for 0.24 ppm for 5 min, and 209.3 ± 14.3 pg/mL for 0.24 ppm for 15 min. Ozone significantly increased interleukin-8 concentrations compared to those for particulate matter dissolved in solution without ozone exposure and the solvent only (8.2 ± 0.9 pg/mL) in an ozone concentration-dependent manner. Collected particulate matter in solutions with or without bubbling through ozone had no effect on interleukin-6 production. The antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly inhibited the increases in interleukin-8 induced by solutions with particulate matter, regardless of ozone exposure. The reactive oxygen species concentration in solutions with collected particulate matter was not associated with ozone bubbling.ConclusionOzone may augment the production of interleukin-8 in response to ambient particulate matter by a mechanism unrelated to reactive oxygen species. These results support the epidemiological evidence for combined effects of ambient particulate matter and ozone on human health.

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“…Four week-diaries indicated that the respiratory symptoms increased with acute exposure to a higher active surface of particles, such as wheezing, dyspnoea, coughing when going to sleep, and coughing at night in children with asthma or previous airways obstruction. In Japan, Watanabe et al (2016) [75] investigated the effect of particulate air pollutants on respiratory symptoms and the inflammatory response in schoolchildren. Their results indicated that daily-suspended particulate matter (SPM) levels were not associated with respiratory symptoms or the daily amount of interleukin IL-6, IL-8, and tumour necrosis factor TNF-α level.…”

Section: Quantitative Effects Of Pm On Pulmonary Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Airborne Particulate Matter Effects on Young Children’s Respiratory Symptoms and Diseases

et al. 2018

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Exposure to airborne fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) carries substantial health risks, particularly for younger children (0-10 years). Epidemiological evidence indicates that children are more susceptible to PM health effects than adults. We conducted a literature review to obtain an overview of existing knowledge regarding the correlation of exposure to short-and long-term PM concentrations with respiratory symptoms and disease in children. A collection of scientific papers and topical reviews were selected in cooperation with two experienced paediatricians. The literature review was performed using the keywords "air pollution", "particulate matter", "children's health" and "respiratory" from 1950 to 2016, searching the databases of Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed. The search provided 45,191 studies for consideration. Following the application of eligibility criteria and experts' best judgment to titles and abstracts, 28 independent studies were deemed relevant for further detailed review and knowledge extraction. The results showed that most studies focused mainly on the effect of short-term exposure in children, and the reported associations were relatively homogeneous amongst the studies. Most of the respiratory diseases observed in outdoor studies were related to changes in lung function and exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Allergic reactions were frequently reported in indoor studies. Asthma exacerbation, severe respiratory symptoms and moderate airway obstruction on spirometry were also observed in children due to various sources of indoor pollution in households and schools. Mixed indoor and outdoor studies indicate frequent occurrence of wheezing and deterioration of lung function. There is good evidence of the adverse effect of short-term exposure to PM on children's respiratory health. In terms of long-term exposure, fine particles (PM 0.1-PM 2.5) represent a higher risk factor than coarse particles (PM 2.5-PM 10). Additional research is required to better understand the heterogeneous sources and the association of PM and adverse children's health outcomes. We recommend long-term cooperation between air quality specialists, paediatricians, epidemiologists, and parents in order to improve the knowledge of PM effects on young children's respiratory health.

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Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollutants on the Inflammatory Response and Respiratory Symptoms: A Panel Study in Schoolchildren from Rural Areas of Japan

Cited by 9 publications

References 41 publications

Fine Particulate Matter in Urban Environments: A Trigger of Respiratory Symptoms in Sensitive Children

Fine Particulate Matter in Urban Environments: A Trigger of Respiratory Symptoms in Sensitive Children

Ozone augments interleukin-8 production induced by ambient particulate matter

A Review of Airborne Particulate Matter Effects on Young Children’s Respiratory Symptoms and Diseases

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