“…Other research has uncovered a noteworthy association between short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), specifically PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and CO, and extended recovery periods in COVID-19 patients [46]. This aligns with prior studies linking COVID-19 incidence and severity to these air pollutants [47].…”
The potential influence of environmental factors, particularly air pollutants such as ozone (O3), on the dynamics and progression of COVID-19 remains a significant concern. This study aimed to systematically review and analyze the current body of literature to assess the impact of short-term ozone exposure on COVID-19 transmission dynamics and disease evolution. A rigorous systematic review was conducted in March 2023, covering studies from January 2020 to January 2023 found in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. We followed the PRISMA guidelines and PROSPERO criteria, focusing exclusively on the effects of short-term ozone exposure on COVID-19. The literature search was restricted to English-language journal articles, with the inclusion and exclusion criteria strictly adhered to. Out of 4674 identified studies, 18 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, conducted across eight countries. The findings showed a varied association between short-term ozone exposure and COVID-19 incidence, severity, and mortality. Some studies reported a higher association between ozone exposure and incidence in institutional settings (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00–1.13) compared to the general population (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.98–1.03). The present research identified a positive association between ozone exposure and both total and active COVID-19 cases as well as related deaths (coefficient for cases: 0.214; for recoveries: 0.216; for active cases: 0.467; for deaths: 0.215). Other studies also found positive associations between ozone levels and COVID-19 cases and deaths, while fewer reports identified a negative association between ozone exposure and COVID-19 incidence (coefficient: −0.187) and mortality (coefficient: −0.215). Conversely, some studies found no significant association between ozone exposure and COVID-19, suggesting a complex and potentially region-specific relationship. The relationship between short-term ozone exposure and COVID-19 dynamics is complex and multifaceted, indicating both positive and negative associations. These variations are possibly due to demographic and regional factors. Further research is necessary to bridge current knowledge gaps, especially considering the potential influence of short-term O3 exposure on COVID-19 outcomes and the broader implications on public health policy and preventive strategies during pandemics.
“…Other research has uncovered a noteworthy association between short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), specifically PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and CO, and extended recovery periods in COVID-19 patients [46]. This aligns with prior studies linking COVID-19 incidence and severity to these air pollutants [47].…”
The potential influence of environmental factors, particularly air pollutants such as ozone (O3), on the dynamics and progression of COVID-19 remains a significant concern. This study aimed to systematically review and analyze the current body of literature to assess the impact of short-term ozone exposure on COVID-19 transmission dynamics and disease evolution. A rigorous systematic review was conducted in March 2023, covering studies from January 2020 to January 2023 found in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. We followed the PRISMA guidelines and PROSPERO criteria, focusing exclusively on the effects of short-term ozone exposure on COVID-19. The literature search was restricted to English-language journal articles, with the inclusion and exclusion criteria strictly adhered to. Out of 4674 identified studies, 18 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, conducted across eight countries. The findings showed a varied association between short-term ozone exposure and COVID-19 incidence, severity, and mortality. Some studies reported a higher association between ozone exposure and incidence in institutional settings (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00–1.13) compared to the general population (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.98–1.03). The present research identified a positive association between ozone exposure and both total and active COVID-19 cases as well as related deaths (coefficient for cases: 0.214; for recoveries: 0.216; for active cases: 0.467; for deaths: 0.215). Other studies also found positive associations between ozone levels and COVID-19 cases and deaths, while fewer reports identified a negative association between ozone exposure and COVID-19 incidence (coefficient: −0.187) and mortality (coefficient: −0.215). Conversely, some studies found no significant association between ozone exposure and COVID-19, suggesting a complex and potentially region-specific relationship. The relationship between short-term ozone exposure and COVID-19 dynamics is complex and multifaceted, indicating both positive and negative associations. These variations are possibly due to demographic and regional factors. Further research is necessary to bridge current knowledge gaps, especially considering the potential influence of short-term O3 exposure on COVID-19 outcomes and the broader implications on public health policy and preventive strategies during pandemics.
“…Furthermore, Pun et al have pointed out that various environmental, political, temporal, and health-related factors may act as confounding variables when evaluating altitude as a protective factor against COVID-19 ( Pun et al, 2020 Sep 1 ). These factors include but are not limited to, UV radiation, humidity, temperature, pollution, lifestyle, population density, and socioeconomic status ( Liu et al, 2023 , Burtscher et al, 2020 ). Our study did not account for all these factors, and their exclusion may have impacted our results.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fig. 2 summarizes these and other factors found in the international literature that could influence COVID-19 incidence and/or outcomes ( Han et al, 2023 , Liu et al, 2023 ). Fig.…”
“…In order to identify and understand some of these disease patterns, researchers have demonstrated the association of COVID-19 cases with crowding and NPI implementation [ 8 , 9 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. In this sense, COVID-19’s spread is regarded as a multifaceted sociopolitical problem, for which exploratory analysis and data comparison based on urban mobility and sociodemographic indicators can provide useful epidemiological information [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”
The epidemiology of COVID-19 presented major shifts during the pandemic period. Factors such as the most common symptoms and severity of infection, the circulation of different variants, the preparedness of health services, and control efforts based on pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions played important roles in the disease incidence. The constant evolution and changes require the continuous mapping and assessing of epidemiological features based on time-series forecasting. Nonetheless, it is necessary to identify the events, patterns, and actions that were potential factors that affected daily COVID-19 cases. In this work, we analyzed several databases, including information on social mobility, epidemiological reports, and mass population testing, to identify patterns of reported cases and events that may indicate changes in COVID-19 behavior in the city of Araraquara, Brazil. In our analysis, we used a mathematical approach with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to map possible events and machine learning model approaches such as Seasonal Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and neural networks (NNs) for data interpretation and temporal prospecting. Our results showed a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of about 5 (more precisely, a 4.55 error over 71 cases for 20 March 2021 and a 5.57 error over 106 cases for 3 June 2021). These results demonstrated that FFT is a useful tool for supporting the development of the best prevention and control measures for COVID-19.
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