Effects of short-chain chlorinated paraffins on soil organisms

Bezchlebová, Jitka; Černohlávková, Jitka; Kobetičová, Klára; Lána, Jan; Sochová, Ivana; Hofman, Jakub

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.12.015

Cited by 39 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In another study, Sochová et al [61] examined the effect of this same SCCP on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in various media: water, soil and agar (Table 3). Toxicity was more pronounced following 48 h exposure compared to 24 h, and was one order of magnitude lower than LC 50 values reported for other soil invertebrates from the Bezchlebova study [60].…”

Section: Terrestrial Organisms and Birdsmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Recently, two studies on soil-dwelling organisms have been published. The effects of a technical SCCP formulation characterized as C 12 ; 64% Cl containing C 10 6%, C 11 37%, C 12 32% and C 13 25% on invertebrates (Eisenia fetida, Folsomia candida, Enchytraeus albidus, Enchytraeus crypticus, Caenorhabditis elegans) and substrate-induced respiration of indigenous microorganisms were studied [60]. Soil organisms were exposed to spiked soil for various time periods, and acute and chronic effects were observed ( Table 3).…”

Section: Terrestrial Organisms and Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of the Mammalian and Environmental Toxicity of Chlorinated Paraffins

Ali

Legler

2010

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a large and complex group of polychlorinated n-alkanes found ubiquitously in the environment. Recent studies also show the presence of CPs in human samples such as breast milk. Relatively few studies have been performed on the mammalian and environmental toxicity of CPs. Though the acute toxicity of these compounds is generally low, chronic toxicity and sub-lethal effects have been reported, including carcinogenic effects of shortchained CPs (SCCPs). Target organs for toxicity include the liver, kidneys, and the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Toxicity appears to be inversely related to chain length and increases with greater degrees of chlorination. Lowest effect levels (LOEL) reported in rats are 100 mg/kg/day for the SCCPs (C 10-13 , 58% Cl, 14 day, oral gavage) and 25 mg/kg/day for medium-chained CPs (C 14-17 , 52% Cl, 90 days, dietary exposure). The most sensitive endpoint for CP mammalian toxicity appears to be developmental toxicity, with a LOEL in rats of 5.7 mg/kg/day. Mammalian risk quotients of merely 2.63 have been reported based on this LOEL, indicating a relatively small margin of safety between exposure and effect concentrations in mammals. Aquatic invertebrates appear to be highly sensitive to CP toxicity (LOEC 1.6 mg/L for mysids, 28 day exposure to SCCPs C 10-13 , 58% Cl), and there are indications that fish are highly sensitive to CPs following prolonged exposure to low concentrations. In recent years, a number of comprehensive reviews have been written on CP toxicity. This overview provides a synthesis of the existing information on CP toxicity, and argues that, despite the data gaps, it is clear that, especially SSCPs may lead to significant adverse environmental and human health effects.

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Section: Terrestrial Organisms and Birdsmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Terrestrial Organisms and Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the Mammalian and Environmental Toxicity of Chlorinated Paraffins

Ali

Legler

2010

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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“…Rodent Severe liver histopathologies; extensive fibrous lesions and hepatocyte necrosis of rainbow trout [57] e Measured in surface sediments from Lake Ontario [58] f Calculated using the LOEC for Daphnia magna using equilibrium partitioning approach [42] g Estimated in Sect. 2.4.3 of [3] h Experimental data for soil organisms and micoorganisms reported by Bezchlebova et al [59] i Soil nitrification [60] j See Sect. 2.5.2.6 of [3] for calculation studies showed dose-related increases in adenomas and carcinomas in the liver, thyroid and kidney.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Information Gatheredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins: Production, Use and International Regulations

Fiedler¹

2010

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a group of synthetic organic chemicals consisting of n-alkanes with varying degrees of chlorination, usually between 40 and 70% by weight. There are no known natural sources of CPs. CPs are produced by chlorination of n-alkane feedstocks. CPs typically are viscous oils with low vapor pressures; they are practically insoluble in water but are soluble in chlorinated solvents or mineral oils. They are toxic to wildlife, long-lasting in the environment and build up in the tissues of organisms. Long-chain CPs are believed to be much less toxic to aquatic life than the related short-or medium-chain CPs.CPs consist of extremely complex mixtures allowing many possible positions for the chlorine atoms. Depending on the degree of chlorination, they are grouped into low (<50%) and high (>50%) chlorine containing. Depending on the chain length, the products are often subdivided into short-chain (C 10 -C 13 ), medium-chain (C 14 -C 17 ) and long-chain (C 18 -C 30 ) CPs.CPs, including short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), are used worldwide in a wide range of applications such as plasticisers in plastics, extreme pressure additives in metalworking fluids, flame retardants and additives in paints. Their wide industrial applications probably provide the major source of environmental contamination. CPs may be released into the environment from improperly disposed metalworking fluids containing CPs or from polymers containing CPs. Loss of CPs by leaching from paints and coatings may also contribute to environmental contamination. The potential for loss during production and transport is expected to be less than that during product use and disposal. Despite many efforts, a global picture as to the definition of CPs, present production, uses and occurrences is still not yet obtained.Since about 20 years, SCCPs have become subject to regulation at national and international level due to their physical-chemical properties and adverse effects.

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“…Especially in numerical control machine tools, it always causes large amount of waste materials or even causes some accidents due to programming error and tool error. From the material saving and safety point of view, the paraffin can be used as training materials instead of rolled steel [3]. There are many advantages using paraffin, such as low hardness, low cost, recyclable used repeatedly, and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Modified Research of Paraffin Material for Machining

2018

2018 7th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Computer Science (ICAMCS 2018)

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The materials used in NC machine tools are usually steel, which is of high hardness. The influence factors for paraffin wax system performance are studied, which include the effects of stearic acid, toughening agent A, polyethylene and cooling-down methods. The material is prepared according to a certain proportion of the material by modification, which can be used in the mechanical processing of paraffin composite system to replace the material used in CNC processing. The practical application shows that the paraffin compound system can meet the requirements of NC machining and achieve the goal of energy saving and consumption, which is very effective.

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Effects of short-chain chlorinated paraffins on soil organisms

Cited by 39 publications

References 13 publications

Overview of the Mammalian and Environmental Toxicity of Chlorinated Paraffins

Overview of the Mammalian and Environmental Toxicity of Chlorinated Paraffins

Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins: Production, Use and International Regulations

The Modified Research of Paraffin Material for Machining

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