Effects of Shellfish and Organic Fertilizer Amendments on Soil Nutrients and Tea Yield and Quality

Abstract

Soil acidification in tea plantations leads to an excessive heavy metal content in tea, decreasing its yield and quality. How to apply shellfish and organic fertilizers to improve soil and ensure the safe production of tea is still not clear. A two-year field experiment was conducted in tea plantations in which the soil was characterized by a pH of 4.16 and concentrations of lead (Pb) (85.28 mg/kg) and cadmium (Cd) (0.43 mg/kg) exceeding the standard. We used shellfish amendments (750, 1500, 2250 kg/ha) and organic fertilizers (3750, 7500 kg/ha) to amend the soils. The experimental results showed that compared with the treatment without any amendment (CK), the soil pH increased by 0.46 on average; the soil available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents increased by 21.68%, 19.01%, and 17.51% respectively; and the soil available Pb, Cd, Cr, and As contents decreased by 24.64%, 24.36%, 20.83%, and 26.39%, respectively. In comparison to CK, the average yield of tea also increased by 90.94 kg/ha; tea polyphenols, free amino acids, caffeine, and water extract increased by 9.17%, 15.71%, 7.54%, and 5.27%, respectively; and the contents of Pb, Cd, As, and Cr in the tea decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 29.44–61.38%, 21.43–61.38%, 10.43–25.22%, and 10.00–33.33%, respectively. The greatest effects on all parameters occurred with the largest amendment of both shellfish (2250 kg/ha) and organic fertilizer (7500 kg/ha) combined. This finding suggests that the optimized amendment of shellfish could be used as a technical measure to improve the health quality of both soil and tea in acidified tea plantations in the future.

Bisphenol S moderately decreases the expression of syncytiotrophoblast marker genes and induces apoptosis in human trophoblast lineages

“…At the feto-maternal interface, physiologic regulation of trophoblast differentiation is vital to the establishment of a normal placental architecture while dysregulation of this process, either due to the abnormal expression of some genes or the presence of a xenobiotic, induces placental abnormalities to affect pregnancy (Gong et al, 2021; Mohamad et al, 2020; Rosenfeld, 2021; Wu et al, 2023). In this study, we found that BPS did not induce noticeable defects in the expression of the EVT marker genes and EVT morphology.…”

The Effect of Nitrogen Reduction and Applying Bio-Organic Fertilisers on Soil Nutrients and Apple Fruit Quality and Yield

“…Five soil samples were obtained, parts of which were bagged, sealed, and stored at 4 • C, while the other parts were naturally dried, ground, and sieved for use in soil indicator assays. In brief, the total nitrogen content was determined using a Kazitometer [22], and P, K, Ca, and Mg contents were determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Soil alkali nitrogen content was determined using the alkali diffusion method; soil available phosphorus content and available potassium content were determined using the molybdenum-antimony resistance method and the flame light method [22].…”

“…In brief, the total nitrogen content was determined using a Kazitometer [22], and P, K, Ca, and Mg contents were determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Soil alkali nitrogen content was determined using the alkali diffusion method; soil available phosphorus content and available potassium content were determined using the molybdenum-antimony resistance method and the flame light method [22]. Soil nitrate nitrogen content was determined using nitrosalicylic acid, and ammonium nitrogen content was determined using indophenol blue [23].…”

“…Soil nitrate nitrogen content was determined using nitrosalicylic acid, and ammonium nitrogen content was determined using indophenol blue [23]. Soil organic matter content was determined using potassium dichromate external heating [22], and soil pH was measured using an acidity meter. Soil saccharase (invertase) and soil cellulase (S-CL) activity were measured using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid colourimetric method; soil urease activity was measured using the sodium phenol colourimetric method.…”

Application of Multi-Perspectives in Tea Breeding and the Main Directions

“…The certain range of Al 3+ caused remarkable growth and physicochemical improvements in different tea varieties [ 129 ]. The application of shellfish amendments in acidified tea plantations could contribute to a certain degree to the yield, quality and economic value of tea leaves [ 130 ]. Although the understanding of tea plants under the influence of Al was still extremely limited, breeders were now further dissecting the mechanisms of Al tolerance and utilization in tea plants, thus setting the foundation for optimizing acidic tea plantations, optimizing the yield quality of tea plants and breeding acid-tolerant crops for the future [ 131 ].…”