Effects of seedling age and cultivation density on agronomic characteristics and grain yield of mechanically transplanted rice

Liu, Qihua; Zhou, Xin; Jingling, Li; Xin, Caiyun

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14672-7

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Transplanting with three (SD 3 ) to five (SD 5 ) seedlings per hill produced more tillers per hill than with one seedling per hill (SD 1 ), and therefore the tiller number of older seedlings could be induced by increasing seedling density at transplanting. The result is in line with the findings of [13,19], but the effect may vary with seasons [20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, if transplanting is delayed, fewer tillers are produced during the vegetative stage resulting to poor yield [12]. "Delayed transplanted rice" or "rice with old seedling age" is the term usually used when transplanted seedling age is more than 25 d [13]. Delayed transplanted rice is common in rainfed lowland fields or in irrigated areas in Lao PDR [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the untimely release of irrigation in both dry and wet seasons in irrigated areas or the late onset of rainfall in rainfed areas in the wet season for land preparation and crop establishment activities result in a delay in the transplanting of seedlings. Delayed transplanting may result in yield reduction [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crop Performance and Water Productivity of Transplanted Rice as Affected by Seedling Age and Seedling Density under Alternate Wetting and Drying Conditions in Lao PDR

Lampayan

Xangsayasane

Bueno

2019

Water

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Drought is common under rainfed lowlands in Lao People's Democratic Republic, and with the uncertain onset of rains during the wet season, delay in transplanting results in yield reduction. This study aims to explore ways to ameliorate the negative influence of delayed transplanting on rice crop. A field experiment was conducted for two wet seasons to investigate the effect of seedling age and seedling density on crop performance in terms of grain yield and water productivity. The experiment was laid out in a split-split plot design in four replicates, with seedling age as the main plot, seedling density as the subplot, and varieties as the sub-sub plot. In both years, there were significant seedling age and variety interactions on grain yield. Higher grain yields were observed with older seedlings having stronger tillering propensity. Seedling density did not affect grain yields in both years, but on grain yield components. Shorter duration variety received less supplemental irrigation than longer duration varieties. Late transplanting improved total water productivity but decreased irrigation water productivity due to harvesting delay. The total crop growth duration (from sowing to maturity) was prolonged with transplanting delay. However, the total stay of plants in the main field (from transplanting to maturity) was reduced by 3-5 d for every 10 d delay in transplanting. The results indicated that a good selection of varieties and increasing seedling density improve crop performance and water productivity with delayed transplanting.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crop Performance and Water Productivity of Transplanted Rice as Affected by Seedling Age and Seedling Density under Alternate Wetting and Drying Conditions in Lao PDR

Lampayan

Xangsayasane

Bueno

2019

Water

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“…As a result, rice grain yield will decrease because of inadequate rice densities [23]. It has been established that the panicle number per unit area plays an important role in determining yield and increasing the tiller number may be a feasible way to offset grain yield losses [24,25]. The tiller number has a close relationship with the panicle number per unit area, and moreover, a positive relationship between the tiller number and planting density is generally observed, as the planting density is considered one of the main factors affecting tillering [26].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Nitrogen Rate and Planting Density for Improving the Grain Yield of Different Rice Genotypes in Northeast China

et al. 2019

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Nitrogen fertilization and planting density are two key factors that can interactively affect the grain yield of rice. Three different types of rice cultivars-inbred Shendao 47, inbred Shendao 505, and hybrid Jingyou 586-were applied to investigate the effects of the nitrogen (N) rate and planting density (D) on the aboveground biomass, harvest index, leaf photosynthetic features, grain yield, and yield components using a split-split-plot design at two sites over two continuous years. The main plots were assigned to four nitrogen fertilizer rates: 0 (N0), 140 (N1), 180 (N2), and 220 (N3) kg ha −1 N; the subplots were assigned to three planting densities: 25 × 10 4 (D1), 16.7 × 10 4 (D2), and 12.5 × 10 4 (D3) hills ha -1 , and the sub-subplots were assigned to three rice cultivars. The results showed that the grain yield had a significantly positive correlation with the stomatal conductance (Gs), net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), chlorophyll content (SPAD value), leaf area index (LAI), panicles per unit area, and spikelets per panicle. The N rate and planting density had significant interaction effects on grain yield, and the maximum values of Shendao 47, Shendao 505, and Jingyou 586 appeared in N3D2, N2D1, and N3D3, respectively. The higher grain yield of midsized panicle Shendao 47 was mostly ascribed to both panicles per unit area and spikelets per panicle. More panicles per unit area and spikelets per panicle primarily contributed to a larger sink capacity of small-sized panicle rice Shendao 505 and large-sized panicle rice Jingyou 586. We found that the treatments N3D2, N2D1, and N3D3 could optimize the contradiction between yield formation factors for Shendao 47, Shendao 505, and Jingyou 586, respectively. Across years and sites, the regression analysis indicated that the combinations of nitrogen fertilization of 195.6 kg ha −1 with a planting density of 22 × 10 4 hills ha −1 , 182.5 kg ha −1 with 25 × 10 4 hills ha −1 , and 220 kg ha −1 with 13.1 × 10 4 hills ha −1 are recommended for medium-, small-, and large-sized panicle rice cultivars, respectively. food habits are changing due to rising living standards, such as the increased consumption of livestock products (such as meat, eggs, and milk), which drives the increase in demand for feed grains, especially in Asia [4,5]. At present, China's area under rice cultivation is 30.3 million hectares with the total yield reaching 207.7 million tons and an average yield of 6.8 t ha −1 , which is 65% higher than that of the world average [6]. China, the world's largest rice producer, has sustainably fed 22% of the world's population using only 7% of the arable land in the world. However, in the past 10 years, increases in rice yield have been slowing down in China, and the increasing population and shortage of arable land have exerted tremendous stress on food security [7]. Therefore, to ensure food security for the growing population, improving rice productivity (production per unit area) remains a priority in China.Much emphasis has been put...

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“…In previous studies under conventional sowing with high seeding rates, the reduced yield with prolonged seedling age was attributable to decreases in panicles number, panicle size (i.e., spikelets per panicle), and biomass production and translocation in machine‐transplanted single‐season rice (Liu, Zhou, Li, & Xin, 2017) and to a decrease in spikelet filling percentage in machine‐transplanted late‐season rice (Huang, Fang, Shan, & Zou, 2019). In the present study, these negative effects of prolonging seedling age on yield attributes were not observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prolonging seedling age does not reduce grain yields in machine‐transplanted early‐season rice under precision sowing

Huang

Fang

Cao

et al. 2020

Annals of Applied Biology

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High seed sowing rates have shortened seedling age in conventional machinetransplanted rice, which has become a challenge for intensive rice production in China. This study aimed to test our hypothesis that prolonging seedling age may not lead to reduced yield in machine-transplanted early-season rice under precision sowing. Field experiments were conducted with two cultivars in 2 years to determine the effect of prolonging seedling age on seedling traits, grain yield, and yield attributes in machine-transplanted early-season rice with printed sowing (a new precision sowing method). All tested seedling traits, including height, basal width, leaf and root number, and shoot and root biomass, were significantly increased when seedling age was prolonged from 20 days (a commonly recommended seedling age for conventional machine transplanting) to 30 days. The prolonged seedling age did not significantly affect grain yield, yield components, or biomass production and translocation. These results support our hypothesis and suggest that adopting precision sowing is a feasible way to prolong seedling age of machine-transplanted early-season rice.

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Effects of seedling age and cultivation density on agronomic characteristics and grain yield of mechanically transplanted rice

Cited by 42 publications

References 25 publications

Crop Performance and Water Productivity of Transplanted Rice as Affected by Seedling Age and Seedling Density under Alternate Wetting and Drying Conditions in Lao PDR

Crop Performance and Water Productivity of Transplanted Rice as Affected by Seedling Age and Seedling Density under Alternate Wetting and Drying Conditions in Lao PDR

Optimization of Nitrogen Rate and Planting Density for Improving the Grain Yield of Different Rice Genotypes in Northeast China

Prolonging seedling age does not reduce grain yields in machine‐transplanted early‐season rice under precision sowing

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