Effects of Seed Size and Cache Density on the Seed Fate of Quercus wutaishanica Mediated by Rodents

Abstract

Animal-mediated seed dispersal is very important for plant population regeneration and the stability of forest ecosystems. Seed size and cache density are important factors for seed dispersal, but we still know little about seed size selection at different cache densities. Here, we conducted field experiments in a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in the Liupan Mountains in Ningxia province to investigate the effects of tag-marked Quercus wutaishanica seeds of different sizes and cache densities on predation and the scatter-hoarding behavior of rodents. The results showed lower proportions of intact in situ (IIS) and eaten in situ (EIS) large seeds than small seeds at all levels of cache density, with the exception of IIS seeds at a 6.25 seed·m−2 cache density. A higher proportion of small seeds were eaten after removal (EAR), but a higher proportion of large seeds were scatter-hoarded (SH) by rodents at most cache densities. Furthermore, rodents preferentially removed large seeds farther away for eating or scatter-hoarding. The IIS and EIS proportions of both large and small seeds declined, but the proportion of the two types of seeds that were EAR fluctuated, increasing with increasing cache density. Rodents preferred to increase the proportion of scatter-hoarding of large seeds with increasing cache density, whereas the proportion of scatter-hoarding of small seeds was maximized at a cache density of 6.25 seed·m−2. Both the eaten distance after removal (EDAR) and scatter-hoarded distance (SHD) increased with increasing cache density. These results suggest that large seeds are more likely to be scatter-hoarded and removed to longer distances than small ones. Rodents tended to reduce the seed proportion of EIS seeds and increased the proportion of seeds EAR and SH, and accordingly increased EDAR and SHD with increasing cache density. This study provides some scientific basis for animal-mediated seed dispersal.

Effects of Seed Size and Frequency on Seed Dispersal and Predation by Small Mammals

“…The district is located in a temperate subhumid area with a continental monsoon climate [10]. The annual precipitation is 676 mm, 60% of which is concentrated from July to September, and the annual evaporation volume is 1426 mm [10].…”

“…The district is located in a temperate subhumid area with a continental monsoon climate [10]. The annual precipitation is 676 mm, 60% of which is concentrated from July to September, and the annual evaporation volume is 1426 mm [10]. The annual average temperature is 5.8 • C, and the average temperatures in the hottest month (July) and the coldest month (January) are 17.4 • C and 7.0 • C, respectively [10].…”

“…The annual precipitation is 676 mm, 60% of which is concentrated from July to September, and the annual evaporation volume is 1426 mm [10]. The annual average temperature is 5.8 • C, and the average temperatures in the hottest month (July) and the coldest month (January) are 17.4 • C and 7.0 • C, respectively [10]. The soil is mainly gray-brown, and the zonal vegetation is temperate coniferous forest, with Pinus armandii as the dominant species, and secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest, with Q. wutaishanica, Populus davidiana, Betula platyphylla, and B. albo-sinensis as the dominant species.…”

“…The effect of seed size on rodent-mediated seed dispersal has attracted much attention in the literature [3,6,7]. Seed size plays an important role in plant life history, especially seed dispersal, germination, seedling establishment, and survival [8][9][10]. Large seeds are better adapted to adverse biotic and abiotic factors, including competition, drought, destruction intensity, and nutrient limitations [11,12].…”

“…Liaodong oak (Quercus wutaishanica) is one of the main dominant species (referring to numerical superiority) in warm temperate deciduous forests in China, and it is a species of ecological and economic value [10]. The seeds are generally mature and shed from late August to the end of September [34].…”