Abstract:Seashore reclamation is an important way that humans utilize the oceans. 1 In recent years, expansion of seashore reclamation activities has seriously disturbed 2 natural coastal systems, and especially wetland ecosystems. In this paper, using 3 China's Yellow River Delta as a case study, we evaluated the effects of seashore 4 reclamation activities on the health of coastal wetland ecosystems. We defined a 5 comprehensive assessment index system based on the pressure-state-response model 6 and used the mode… Show more
“…Drivers of salt marsh loss are diverse from direct anthropogenic disturbances such as reclamation for agriculture [1], and indirect factors such as replacement by mangroves [2,3], eutrophication [4], herbivory [5,6], and sea-level rise (SLR) [7,8,9]. For example, less than half of salt marshes are predicted to keep pace with projected SLR under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) representative concentration pathway 2.6, which assumes significant reductions of CO 2 emissions [10].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This study explores the capacity of time series analysis to help understand salt marsh dynamics in association with locations of stability, gradual loss, change driven by disturbance, or a combination of loss and recovery and the sources of change such as interior drowning, edge erosion, barrier island migration processes, and shifts in vegetation composition. The objectives of this study include: (1) to evaluate the salt marsh AGB estimates with high spatial resolution imagery and in situ biomass samples; (2) to model the change in AGB of mid-Atlantic salt marshes from 1999 to 2018 and (3) to test the TMII for use with GEE enabled Landsat time series.…”
Salt marshes provide a bulwark against sea-level rise (SLR), an interface between aquatic and terrestrial habitats, important nursery grounds for many species, a buffer against extreme storm impacts, and vast blue carbon repositories. However, salt marshes are at risk of loss from a variety of stressors such as SLR, nutrient enrichment, sediment deficits, herbivory, and anthropogenic disturbances. Determining the dynamics of salt marsh change with remote sensing requires high temporal resolution due to the spectral variability caused by disturbance, tides, and seasonality. Time series analysis of salt marshes can broaden our understanding of these changing environments. This study analyzed aboveground green biomass (AGB) in seven mid-Atlantic Hydrological Unit Code 8 (HUC-8) watersheds. The study revealed that the Eastern Lower Delmarva watershed had the highest average loss and the largest net reduction in salt marsh AGB from 1999-2018. The study developed a method that used Google Earth Engine (GEE) enabled time series of the Landsat archive for regional analysis of salt marsh change and identified at-risk watersheds and salt marshes providing insight into the resilience and management of these ecosystems. The time series were filtered by cloud cover and the Tidal Marsh Inundation Index (TMII). The combination of GEE enabled Landsat time series, and TMII filtering demonstrated a promising method for historic assessment and continued monitoring of salt marsh dynamics.
“…Drivers of salt marsh loss are diverse from direct anthropogenic disturbances such as reclamation for agriculture [1], and indirect factors such as replacement by mangroves [2,3], eutrophication [4], herbivory [5,6], and sea-level rise (SLR) [7,8,9]. For example, less than half of salt marshes are predicted to keep pace with projected SLR under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) representative concentration pathway 2.6, which assumes significant reductions of CO 2 emissions [10].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This study explores the capacity of time series analysis to help understand salt marsh dynamics in association with locations of stability, gradual loss, change driven by disturbance, or a combination of loss and recovery and the sources of change such as interior drowning, edge erosion, barrier island migration processes, and shifts in vegetation composition. The objectives of this study include: (1) to evaluate the salt marsh AGB estimates with high spatial resolution imagery and in situ biomass samples; (2) to model the change in AGB of mid-Atlantic salt marshes from 1999 to 2018 and (3) to test the TMII for use with GEE enabled Landsat time series.…”
Salt marshes provide a bulwark against sea-level rise (SLR), an interface between aquatic and terrestrial habitats, important nursery grounds for many species, a buffer against extreme storm impacts, and vast blue carbon repositories. However, salt marshes are at risk of loss from a variety of stressors such as SLR, nutrient enrichment, sediment deficits, herbivory, and anthropogenic disturbances. Determining the dynamics of salt marsh change with remote sensing requires high temporal resolution due to the spectral variability caused by disturbance, tides, and seasonality. Time series analysis of salt marshes can broaden our understanding of these changing environments. This study analyzed aboveground green biomass (AGB) in seven mid-Atlantic Hydrological Unit Code 8 (HUC-8) watersheds. The study revealed that the Eastern Lower Delmarva watershed had the highest average loss and the largest net reduction in salt marsh AGB from 1999-2018. The study developed a method that used Google Earth Engine (GEE) enabled time series of the Landsat archive for regional analysis of salt marsh change and identified at-risk watersheds and salt marshes providing insight into the resilience and management of these ecosystems. The time series were filtered by cloud cover and the Tidal Marsh Inundation Index (TMII). The combination of GEE enabled Landsat time series, and TMII filtering demonstrated a promising method for historic assessment and continued monitoring of salt marsh dynamics.
“…The average annual pan evaporation is 1962 mm. 33 The delta is a highly dynamic area, which has seen rapid urban and industrial development. 35 With the acceleration of economic development and urbanization, the demand for land reclamation activities, such as port construction, construction of tidal embankments, aquaculture, and road construction, has expanded continuously.…”
Section: Study Areamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[29][30][31][32] With the expansion of reclamation activities, natural systems, especially wetland ecosystems, in the YRD area have been suffering from severe disturbances in recent years. 33 Population growth, oil and gas extraction, and agricultural development have placed enormous demands on the land and water resources and modified the delta's natural geologic, hydrologic, and ecologic systems. 34 ET represents a major link in the water cycle and affects the water exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere.…”
"Effects of land cover change on evapotranspiration in the Yellow River Delta analyzed with the SEBAL model," J. Appl. Remote Sens. 11(1), 016009 (2017), doi: 10.1117/1.JRS.11.016009. Abstract. This study investigated the associations between land cover changes and evapotranspiration (ET) in the Yellow River Delta during the last 30 years using Landsat imagery. The result showed that the Delta region experienced a distinct increase in area due to sea-land interaction and sediment deposition, accompanied by substantial change in land cover fractions. From 1986 to 2015, 35.48% of land cover changed, mainly due to a transformation into salterns and culture ponds from other land cover types. In general, land cover was converted from less developed into highly developed types. The monowindow algorithm for retrieval of land surface temperature (LST) and the SEBAL model were used to explore the effects of land cover changes on regional ET. The results indicated that the average relative error of daily ET was 9.46%, and there was a significant linear correlation (R 2 ≥ 0.959, p < 0.001) between ET and LST. Relationships existed between LST, ET, fractional vegetation cover, and other relevant vegetation indices, and there were positive and negative correlations between different threshold ranges. During the study period, the transformation of large areas of different land cover types into salterns and culture ponds led to an average increase of 1.43 mm in daily ET.
“…Previously, our research group assessed the reclamation intensity in the Yellow River Delta from the 1980s to the 2010s; details are found in one of our published papers (Jin et al, 2016). Figure 9 illustrates the relationships between the reclamation intensity calculated in that paper and the values of the macrobenthos diversity indices.…”
Section: Relationships Between Reclamation Intensity and The Macrobenmentioning
Human activities such as seashore reclamation can have profound negative impacts on the macrobenthos of coastal wetlands. Using the Yellow River Delta as a case study, we conducted a thorough search of the literature to create a synthesis about the effects of reclamation processes. We found 31 publications that met our selection criteria, and we summarized their data to systematically quantify the impacts of reclamation on the dominant species, biomass, abundance, and biodiversity indices. We found that the dominant species changed remarkably, from Mollusca in the 1980s to Polychaeta, Crustacea, and Insecta (indicating a transition from a marine to a terrestrial environment) after 2000. The number of macrobenthos species in the community decreased by more than half from the 1980s to the 2010s and the effect sizes in the 2000s and 2010s both differed significantly from 0 (p < 0.01; t-test). Both the biomass and the abundance of the macrobenthos decreased significantly in the 2000s (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively; t-test), but not in the 2010s. The Margalef, Shannon-Wiener, and Pielou biodiversity indices did not differ significantly among four periods (from 1985 to 2015) or among the various reclamation activities. The number of species and biomass have decreased significantly under the comprehensive influence of seashore reclamation activities. Under individual reclamation activities, the number of species and their biomass decreased slightly but not significantly. The results of this research improve our understanding of the relationships among reclamation activities and the resulting changes in the macrobenthos community, thereby improving our ability to sustainably use these wetlands. We have prepared a suggested list of criteria to help future seashore reclamation researchers increase the quantity and quality of the data available to support future meta-analyses.
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