Effects of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kröyer, 1837) infestation on macrophage functions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Development of a method for extracting macrophages from zebrafish, <I>Danio rerio</I> and their use to assess stress

“…This paper describes a method of using a whole body extraction of macrophages from zebrafish, and illustrates that macrophages can be obtained in sufficient quantities to assess macrophage function during time of stress. Results also indicate that these extracted macrophages exhibit respiratory burst activity and phagocytic capacity as expected for macrophages isolated from the head kidney of fishes (Brown et al 1996, Mathews et al 1999, and Mustafa et al 2000.…”

“…Also, the possibility of those antibodies cross reacting with zebrafish macrophages appears minimal because the epiotopes used for producing those antibodies show only 66% identity (C. Johnston * , personal communication). However, given that our cell preparations appeared to lack significant contamination by other cells and the basic isolation method is identical to that used to isolate head kidney macrophages from other fish (Crumlish 1998, Mustafa et al 2000 it is clear that the method of macrophage extraction was successful. It is also important to note that in the protocol used in this study only the macrophages were counted.…”

“…Througout the study, fish were fed TetraMin: Large Tropical Flakes (The Rich Mix) (Tetra, Melle, Germany) twice a day to satiation and cared for according to the approved protocol (Purdue University Animal Care Usage Committee Approved protocol Fish samples (3 per tank; 6 per group) were withdrawn at 2 weeks intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) and euthanized using lethal dosage of MS-222. Length and weight measurements for each fish were recorded and following Mustafa et al (2000), each fish was placed in 2 mL Leibovitz-15 (L-15) cell culture medium (Mediatech Inc., Herndon, Virginia USA) containing 2% fetal calf serum (FCS) (Sigma Diagnostics, St. Louis, Missouri USA) (said solution also included 100 i.u. penicillin-streptomycin · mL -1 and 10 units heparin · mL -1 ) (Sigma Diagnostics).…”

“…The protocol described by Brown et al (1996), Mathews et al (1999), and Mustafa et al (2000) was used to assess macrophage functions. For respiratory burst activity, 100 µL aliquots of each sample were placed, in duplicate, onto glass slides with double etched rings (Erie Scientific Co., Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA) for macrophages to adhere.…”

<b>Measuring Animal Welfare: What Can Cognition Contribute?</b>

“…immune function and lack of disease (e.g. Mustafa et al, 2000). Although desirable for economic reasons and as measures of physical welfare, measures of biological function do not necessarily indicate good mental welfare for the animals.…”