Effects of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. on Inhibition of Proliferation, Apoptosis Induction and NF-κB Signaling of Immortalized and Cancer Cell Lines

Abstract

Scrophularia ningpoensis has been used in China for centuries as a herbal tea to treat various diseases. Based on the numerous animal studies on its pharmaceutical effects and the long time clinical experiences, we studied the molecular and cellular mechanism underlying the bioactivity of aqueous extract of Scrophularia and its isolated compounds. Seven isolated compounds, unlike Scrophularia extract, failed to induce cytotoxicity on HaCaT cells, but their combination improved the effect of extract. Tumor cell line selectivity was not observed, when we studied its cytotoxic effect on melanoma cell lines. The apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of Scrophularia extract have been demonstrated on HaCaT cells. The extract induced those effects potentially through affecting the MAPK pathway and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, Microarray-based bioinformatical analyses on the compound acetoside from Scrophularia revealed a gene expression profile which confirmed our findings with the extract on proliferation inhibition, anti-inflammation and apoptosis. With DNA alkylation as major proposed mechanism of action, we assume acetoside as one of the active compounds in Scrophularia.

Chinese herbal drugs for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy

“…Scrophularia ningpoensis (Family Scrophulariaceae), commonly known as Ningpo figwort or Chinese figwort, is used since centuries as an ingredient of Chinese herbal tea for its antipyretic, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anti‐angiogenic, neuroprotective, antidepressant, cardiovascular‐protective, antidiabetic, immunostimulating, memory enhancing and antineoplastic properties. The main active chemical constituents identified to be responsible for these properties include angoroside C, acetoside, sibirioside A, 6‐O‐caffeoyl sucrose and oligosaccharides of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose . Although it was recently reported by a study that harpagoside, a chemical constituent of S. ningpoensis , along with other Chinese herbs ( P. notoginseng , S. miltiorrhiza and A. membranaceus ) is responsible for the antidiabetic retinopathy potential of clinically established Chinese capsules Fufang Xueshuantong, certain other constituents of S. ningpoensis also posses this potential.…”

“…The main active chemical constituents identified to be responsible for these properties include angoroside C, acetoside, sibirioside A, 6-O-caffeoyl sucrose and oligosaccharides of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose. [66,67] Although it was recently reported by a study that harpagoside, a chemical constituent of S. ningpoensis, along with other Chinese herbs (P. notoginseng, S. miltiorrhiza and A. membranaceus) is responsible for the antidiabetic retinopathy potential of clinically established Chinese capsules Fufang Xueshuantong, [68] certain other constituents of S. ningpoensis also posses this potential. Acetoside is an aldose reductase inhibitor [69] and thus is liable to elicit similar beneficial effects as astragaloside IV (already discussed above) and helps in attenuating the pathological occurrences during diabetic retinopathy.…”

The Seasonal Variations of the Chemical Composition of Essential Oil Obtained From Scrophularia frigida

“…Various biological compounds such as phenolic acids, iridoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids have been isolated from this genus (5-10). These compounds possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular, diuretic, molluscicidal, cytotoxic, and antitumor properties (11)(12)(13)(14)(15). In traditional Chinese medicine, extract of S. ningpoensis Hemsl has been used in the treatment of fever, constipation, pharyngitis, and neuritis (16).…”

Exploring the Potential of Traditional Herbs in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview

“…Panax notoginseng Araliaceae Saponin Ginsenoside Inhibition in VEGF induced and age induced retinal Endothelial permeability [39,40] Salvia miltiorrhiza Lamiaceae Flavonoid Salvianolic acid Inhibition of ang-ii-Induced NADPH oxidase-4 (nox4) [44] Lycium barbarum Solanaceae Flavonoid Proteoglycans Downregulates VEGF mRNA expression and prevents retinal angiogenesis [48] Astragalus membranaceus Fabaceae Flavonoid Astragaloside [50,51] Anisodus tanguticus Solanaceae Alkaloid Anisodamine Inhibiting the production of TNF-a [53,54] Scrophularia ningpoensis Scrophulariaceae Flavonoid Syringic acid Inhibiting the production of TNF-a [55] Puerariae lobata Fabaceae Isoflaone Tectoridin Age-induced oxidative stress by downregulating RAGE Expression [57] Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Flavonoid Ginkgolide Downregulate the expression of PAF [59,60] Pinus pinaster Pinaceae Flavonoid Proanthocyanid Improve capillary resistance [61] Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Flavonoid Nimbinin Anti-serotonin activity [62,63] Stephania tetrandra Menispermaceae Alkaloid Tetrandrine Activation of Protein kinase [64] Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaceae Saponin Triterpenoid Downregulates VEGF mRNA expression and prevents retinal angiogenesis [65] ide. Due to this it increases the ratio of Bcl2/Bax which is important for the cell survival.…”