Effects of satiety on self-stimulation of the orbitofrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey

Mora, Francisco; Avrith, D. B.; Phillips, Anthony G.; Rolls, Edmund T.

doi:10.1016/0304-3940(79)90031-4

Cited by 60 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Secondly, because the taste-related brain function is closely related to the feeding behavior, the physiological status of subject, such as in hungry or satiety condition, may affect the brain function during the gustatory processing. There are some evidences showing that neurons in the secondary taste cortex region have been found to be modulated by the motivational state of the animal, responding to the sight or taste of food when the animal is hungry and not responding when the animal is satiated [22,26]. Here, the volunteers did not consume any food the 2 hours before the experiment, so that the activated regions we found were little different from some previous studies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 37%

Activation of Human Prefrontal Cortex to Pleasant and Aversive Taste Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Hu¹,

Kato²,

Luo³

2014

FNS

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The aim of the study was to investigate the representation of taste in human prefrontal cortex (PFC), in particular, to compare the representation of a pleasant and an aversive taste using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), so as to obtain further understanding of the taste preference mechanism. The pleasant stimulus used was sweet taste (10% sucrose), and the unpleasant stimulus was sour taste (1% critic acid). Based on event-related design, the experiments were performed with 16 healthy volunteers using the OEG-16 fNIRS sensor. A general linear model was used to analyze the collected data. For the concentration change of oxygenated hemoglobin (ΔoxyHb), we found that significant deactivation was induced by sweetness and sourness in parts of the frontopolar area, orbitofrontal area and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bilateral hemisphere of human brain. And the right PFC showed different levels of activation between sweetness and sourness. In addition, brain activities were more sensitive to sourness than sweetness. Finally, we confirmed that the PFC was involved in sweet and sour taste processing, and fNIRS provided an alternative way for studying taste-related brain function under more natural conditions.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 37%

Activation of Human Prefrontal Cortex to Pleasant and Aversive Taste Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Hu¹,

Kato²,

Luo³

2014

FNS

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“…Thus, in the primate primary taste cortex, the reward value of taste is not represented, but instead the identity of the taste. Additional evidence that the reward value of food is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex is that monkeys work for electrical stimulation of this brain region if they are hungry, but not if they are satiated (Mora et al, 1979;Rolls, 1994c). Further, neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex are activated from many brain-stimulation reward sites Rolls et al, 1980).…”

Section: Neurophysiology Of Orbitofrontal Cortex Tastementioning

confidence: 99%

Convergence of sensory systems in the orbitofrontal cortex in primates and brain design for emotion

Rolls

2004

Anat. Rec.

136

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In primates, stimuli to sensory systems influence motivational and emotional behavior via neural relays to the orbitofrontal cortex. This article reviews studies on the effects of stimuli from multiple sensory modalities on the brain of humans and some other higher primates. The primate orbitofrontal cortex contains the secondary taste cortex, in which the reward value of taste is represented. It also contains the secondary and tertiary olfactory cortical areas, in which information about the identity and also about the reward value of odors is represented. A somatosensory input is revealed by neurons that respond to the viscosity of food in the mouth, to the texture (mouth feel) of fat in the mouth, and to the temperature of liquids placed into the mouth. The orbitofrontal cortex also receives information about the sight of objects from the temporal lobe cortical visual areas. Information about each of these modalities is represented separately by different neurons, but in addition, other neurons show convergence between different types of sensory input. This convergence occurs by associative learning between the visual or olfactory input and the taste. In that emotions can be defined as states elicited by reinforcers, the neurons that respond to primary reinforcers (such as taste and touch), as well as learn associations to visual and olfactory stimuli that become secondary reinforcers, provide a basis for understanding the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex in emotion. In complementary neuroimaging studies in humans, it is being found that areas of the orbitofrontal cortex are activated by pleasant touch, by painful touch, by taste, by smell, and by more abstract reinforcers such as winning or losing money. Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex in humans can impair the learning and reversal of stimulus-reinforcement associations and thus the correction of behavioral responses when these are no longer appropriate because previous reinforcement contingencies change. It is striking that humans and other catarrhines, being visual specialists like other anthropoids, interface the visual system to other sensory systems (e.g., taste and smell) in the orbitofrontal cortex. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: emotion; orbitofrontal cortex; reward; reinforcement; taste; olfaction; vision; touch; reversal learning; face expression Despite being visual specialists, it is notable that anthropoid primates such as hominoids (e.g., humans) and Old World monkeys still have important stimuli from other sensory modalities. This review examines how sensory systems influence motivational and emotional behavior via neural relays to the orbitofrontal cortex.In primates, the prefrontal cortex is the part of the cortex that receives projections from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (with which it is reciprocally connected) and is situated in front of the motor and premotor cortices (areas 4 and 6) in the frontal lobe. Based on the divisions of the mediodorsal nucleus, the prefrontal cortex may be divided into three main ...

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“…18 Although strong post-ingestive feedback had little effect on self-stimulation of some LH sites in the rat, 19 threshold increases were observed at orbitofrontal sites in monkeys fed to satiety. 20 An important objective for future work is to more fully map the BSR sites at which the rewarding effect is modulated by short-term controls and to work out the mechanisms linking the rewarding effect to post-ingestive feedback and the state of short-term energy stores.…”

Section: Bsr Post-ingestive Feedback and Short-term Energy Storesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain reward circuitry and the regulation of energy balance

Shizgal

Fulton

Woodside

2001

Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord

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Reward signals contribute to the regulation of energy balance by influencing switching between feeding and competing behaviors. Properties of natural rewards are mimicked by electrical stimulation of certain brain regions. The rewarding effect produced by stimulating the perifornical region of the hypothalamus is modulated by body weight and is attenuated both by leptin and insulin. Research is reviewed concerning the dependence of the rewarding effect of perifornical stimulation on longterm energy stores and the effects of two neuropeptides implicated in the regulation of energy balance, neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing hormone. It is proposed that the potentiating effect of weight loss on perifornical self-stimulation is not tied to an increased propensity to eat or to an enhancement of food reward per se, but resembles the influence of long-term energy stores on non-ingestive behaviors that defend body weight, such as hoarding. International Journal of Obesity (2001) 25, Suppl 5, S17 -S21 Keywords: brain stimulation reward; lateral hypothalamus; perifornical region; leptin; insulin The role of reward in the regulation of energy balanceBehavior is both the sole source of energy input and a major channel for energy expenditure. Thus, the maintenance of energy balance depends critically on the allocation of behavior between feeding and competing activities on the one hand and between energetically expensive activities and sedentary ones on the other.Rewards, such as a food object encountered while hungry, play a fundamental role in behavioral allocation. In real time, rewarding stimuli and activities create behavioral dispositions that bias an animal to resist interruption of ongoing actions. Information about rewards, such as their intensity, kind, amount and spatiotemporal distribution, is stored in memory and is used in concert with information gleaned from current stimuli to influence switching between competing behaviors. 1 Thus, unraveling the neural circuitry that confers rewarding properties on stimuli has implications for understanding the regulation of energy balance. Brain stimulation rewardProperties of rewarding natural stimuli can be mimicked by electrical stimulation of certain brain sites. The resulting neural activation gives rise to a powerful disposition to reinitiate the stimulation and to resist breaking contact with the manipulandum that triggers the stimulator. The effect responsible for this disposition is called 'brain stimulation reward' (BSR). Information about the strength of the rewarding effect and its rate of availability are stored in memory. At least in the case of lateral hypothalamic (LH) stimulation, the rewarding effect can compete with, summate with, and substitute for the rewarding effect of natural stimuli such as food. 1 It has long been suspected that the neural system responsible for BSR is not uniform and is subdivided along functional lines. 2 In this view, the rewarding effect of stimulating some sites is related to energy balance, whereas at other sites BS...

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Effects of satiety on self-stimulation of the orbitofrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey

Cited by 60 publications

References 10 publications

Activation of Human Prefrontal Cortex to Pleasant and Aversive Taste Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Activation of Human Prefrontal Cortex to Pleasant and Aversive Taste Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Convergence of sensory systems in the orbitofrontal cortex in primates and brain design for emotion

Brain reward circuitry and the regulation of energy balance

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