Effects of salt intervention on serum levels of Klotho influenced by salt sensitivity

Abstract

Klotho was involved in sodium reabsorption and the regulation of blood pressure. Animal studies indicated Klotho deficiency could mediate the development of saltsensitive hypertension, indicating its correlation with salt sensitivity. We aimed to explore the responses of Klotho to salt intake through dietary intervention in Chinese adults. Forty-four participants were enrolled from Lantian county of Shaanxi, China. All participants sequentially underwent a 3-day normal diet, a 7-day low-Na + diet, and a 7-day high-Na + diet. The concentrations of serum Klotho were assessed by using ELISA kits. Serum level of Klotho was 360.44 ± 93.89 pg/mL at baseline and increased while changed to low-salt diet (478.65 ± 183.25 vs 360.44 ± 93.89 pg/mL, P < .001). During high-salt diet, serum Klotho decreased to 354.37 ± 98.16 pg/mL (P < .001, compared to low-salt diet). The overall responses of Klotho were more prominent in salt-resistant participants. Serum Klotho of salt-resistant group changed from 353.92 ± 97.65 pg/mL to 496.76 ± 196.21 pg/mL while changed from normal diet to low-salt diet (P < .001) and decreased to 350.37 ± 99.50 pg/mL during high-salt intake (P < .001). Furthermore, the response of serum Klotho to low-salt intervention was much greater in salt-resistant individuals than in salt-sensitive ones. The responses of serum Klotho to dietary salt intervention were influenced by salt sensitivity, which was more prominent in salt-resistant participants.

Individual nutrients and serum klotho levels in adults aged 40–79 years

“…Klotho may protect against age‐related conditions through multiple mechanisms, including optimal synaptic function promotion, stimulating the antioxidant defense system, reducing inflammation, and promoting autophagy (Hanson et al, 2021 ). Various dietary factors have been found to be associated with higher Klotho activity in preclinical, clinical, and small‐scope populational studies, including phosphate‐deficient diet (Hikone et al, 2017 ), diets enriched with keto‐analogs (Milovanova et al, 2017 ), high‐sucrose diet (Maekawa et al, 2017 ), calcium reduction (Wilkens et al, 2018 ), diet rich in nuts (Jurado‐Fasoli, Amaro‐Gahete, De‐la‐O, Martinez‐Tellez, et al, 2019 ), protein restriction (Zapata et al, 2019 ), low‐calorie high‐protein diets (Shafie et al, 2020 ), low‐salt diet (Hu et al, 2020 ), and vitamin D replacement (Dos Santos et al, 2021 ). The most comprehensive diet–Klotho study to date evaluated the relationship between dietary factors and soluble Klotho plasma levels in young (mean age 22.1 years) sedentary healthy adults (Jurado‐Fasoli et al, 2021 ).…”

Associations of plasma PAPP-A2 and genetic variations with salt sensitivity, blood pressure changes and hypertension incidence in Chinese adults

“…All participants received chronic salt intake intervention, which was performed as previously described [20][21][22][23]. Briefly, the first phase of the intervention consisted of a 3-day baseline observation period during which a questionnaire and physical examination were performed.…”

“…Data on other factors including demographic characteristics, medical history, physical activity, 24-h urinary electrolytes and blood biochemical analyses were collected using standardized protocols described previously [20][21][22][23] (see the Supplemental file, http://links.lww.com/ HJH/B622).…”

Associations of corin genetic polymorphisms with salt sensitivity, blood pressure changes, and hypertension incidence in Chinese adults

“… 6 , 19 , 20 , 21 Probands, their siblings, spouses and offspring participated in the chronic salt intake intervention in 2004, which has been described previously. 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 Briefly, the protocol comprised a questionnaire survey and physical examination during a 3‐day baseline observation period, a low‐salt diet for 7 days (3 g of salt or 51.3 mmol of sodium per day), and a high‐salt diet for additional 7 days (18 g of salt or 307.8 mmol of sodium per day). Dietary potassium intake remained unchanged during the two intervention phases.…”