Effects of salinomycin and ethanamizuril on the three microbial communities in vivo and in vitro

Abstract

The fate of a drug is not only the process of drug metabolism in vivo and in vitro but also the homeostasis of drug-exposed microbial communities may be disturbed. Anticoccidial drugs are widely used to combat the detrimental effects of protozoan parasites in the poultry industry. Salinomycin and ethanamizuril belong to two different classes of anticoccidial drugs. The effect of salinomycin and ethanamizuril on the microbiota of cecal content, manure compost, and soil remains unknown. Our results showed that although both salinomycin and ethanamizuril treatments suppressed some opportunistic pathogens, they failed to repair the great changes in chicken cecal microbial compositions caused by coccidia infection. Subsequently, the metabolite5 profiling of cecal content by LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed the great impact of coccidia infection on chicken cecum and showed that histidine metabolism may be the main action pathway of salinomycin, and aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis may be the major regulatory mechanism of ethanamizuril. The microbial community of manure compost showed a mild response to ethanamizuril treatment, but ethanamizuril in soil could promote Actinobacteria reproduction, which may inhibit other taxonomic bacteria. When the soil and manure were exposed to salinomycin, the Proteobacteria abundance of microbial communities showed a significant increase, which suggested that salinomycin may improve the ability of the microbiota to utilize carbon sources. This hypothesis was confirmed by a BIOLOG ECO microplate analysis. In the animal model of coccidia infection, the treatment of salinomycin and ethanamizuril may reconstruct a new equilibrium of the intestinal microbiota. In an in vitro environment, the effect of ethanamizuril on composting and soil microbiota seems to be slight. However, salinomycin has a great impact on the microbial communities of manure composting and soil. In particular, the promoting effect of salinomycin on Proteobacteria phylum should be further concerned. In general, salinomycin and ethanamizuril have diverse effects on various microbial communities.

Simultaneous determination of selected ionophoric coccidiostats and amino acids in feed premixes using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection method

“…They are used most frequently, due to their low cost and high efficiency. In this research, the studied ionophore coccidiostats are maduramicin (MAD), salinomycin (SAL), and monensin (MON) [6][7][8]; their chemical structures are illustrated in Figure 1. To ensure the safe and effective use of ionophores, the maximum limits in feed (MRL) at a level of 60-125 mg/kg (MON), 50-70 mg/kg (SAL), and 5-6 mg/kg (MAD) have to be applied [5].…”

The residue of salinomycin in the muscles of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and black rockfish (Sebastes Schlegeli) after oral administration analyzed by LC-Tandem-MS

“…1), and because of its ability to coordinate with metal cations and transport them into the cellular environment, it exhibits a range of bioactivities [7,8]. There are several different bioactivities known to exist in it, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, anticoccidial, and anticancer action [8][9][10]. Countries such as Canada, the United States, the European Union, Korea, and Japan have approved the use of salinomycin as a veterinary medicine.…”

Investigating the effects of total dietary crude protein inclusion on nursery pig performance and health

“…Salinomycin, an ionophore with antimicrobial properties, has traditionally been used as a growth promoter in pigs. Previous studies have demonstrated its ability to enhance ADG and feed efficiency (Blair and Shires, 1981;Lindemann et al, 1985), likely mediated by its ability to modulate the gut microbiota (Cheng et al, 2022). The lack of notable performance enhancement with Sal inclusion suggests that the populations overall enteric pathogen burden, multifactorial in nature, may have mitigated its potential effects.…”