Effects of Running on Sand vs. Stable Ground on Kinetics and Muscle Activities in Individuals With Over-Pronated Feet

Jafarnezhadgero, AmirAli; Amirzadeh, Nasrin; Fatollahi, Amir H.; Siahkouhian, Marefat; Oliveira, Anderson Souza; Granacher, Urs

doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.822024

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…With reference to our results, we concluded that VM/VL ratios were lower in athletes with chronic knee pain in the involved limb, independently from the type of jump, surface, and origin of the knee pain in the horizontal landing phase; however, there was no crossover effect on the uninvolved side. The VM/VL EMG ratios of healthy athletes ranged between 1.24 and 1.61 in our study, which is in line with previous results by Jafarnezhadgero, reporting ratios ranging from 1.18 to 1.65 [ 60 ]. In contrast, the VM/VL ratios in the leading leg (Ø CMJ = 0.64; Ø spike = 0.65) and the providing leg (Ø CMJ = 0.52; Ø spike = 0.69) in the two excluded athletes with bilateral pain were reduced on all surfaces and jumps and even lower in the injured leading limb of unilaterally injured athletes (Ø CMJ = 0.74; Ø spike = 0.80).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Jafarnezhadgero investigated neuromuscular control in healthy individuals with overpronated feet and normal feet. The VM/VL ratio increased on sand for the overpronated group (hard surface = 1.21 vs. sand = 1.65) and stayed the same for the clinically unremarkable foot group (hard surface = 1.18 vs. sand = 1.19) [ 60 ]. The results of the bilaterally injured athletes support our assumptions because the VM/VL ratio increased neither in the injured leading leg nor in the injured providing leg, with task complexity or in the sand conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reduced Vastus Medialis/Lateralis EMG Ratio in Volleyballers with Chronic Knee Pain on Sports-Specific Surfaces: A Pilot Study

Frese

Bubeck

Alt

2022

IJERPH

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Background: Even though chronic knee pain is common in volleyball, neuromuscular imbalance as a potential risk factor has not been investigated in volleyball-specific tasks. The aim of the study was to compare neuromuscular control between healthy and injured players in a clinical jump test and a volleyball-specific jump task in real field conditions. Methods: Six athletes with knee pain and nine controls were included. Surface electromyographic data were recorded from the mm. vastus medialis (VM) and lateralis (VL) of both legs. VM/VL activation ratio was calculated from countermovement jump (CMJ) and volleyball spike indoors and on two beach surfaces. Results: All subjects had pain in the leading leg. Mann–Whitney U Test (M-W-U Test) revealed a significantly lower VM/VL ratio of the leading leg (always affected) of the injured compared with that of the healthy control group for the CMJ and spike jump on all three grounds. Bland–Altman analysis revealed low bias and low difference in standard deviation for the injured leg but high values for the uninvolved leg and healthy controls between tasks and grounds. These results could indicate that neuromuscular control might not adapt too well to different movement tasks and grounds in the injured leg. Conclusion: Athletes with chronic knee pain might have lower VM/VL ratios than controls independent from movement task and ground. Neuromuscular control in injured athletes might be less adaptable to new circumstances. The results of neuromuscular control in laboratory settings might be applicable to field conditions in injured legs but not healthy ones.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Vastus Medialis/Lateralis EMG Ratio in Volleyballers with Chronic Knee Pain on Sports-Specific Surfaces: A Pilot Study

Frese

Bubeck

Alt

2022

IJERPH

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“…Due to the high compliance of sand, the surface also acts as a damper and reduces take-off velocity ( 43 ). The combination of these biomechanical interactions with sand, result in it being a slower surface compared to harder surfaces ( 44 , 45 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of surface type and time of day on agility course performance

Pechette Markley,

Kieves,

Rivas

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionCanine agility competitions are performed on a variety of surfaces. In the equine and human literature, surface type has been associated with speed, performance, and injury risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of general surface type and time of day on calculated speed (yards per second over a measured course distance) and course performance during the UKI Agility International (UKI) U.S. Open. We hypothesized that surface type would affect calculated speed, with sand being the slowest.Materials and methodsData on course performance from the 2021 and 2022 events were obtained directly from UKI. The officiating judge measured course length, automatic timers recorded dogs’ course times, and speeds were calculated from these values. Three surfaces (dirt, grass, and sand) were compared across three categories of courses (jumpers, standard, and speedstakes). Differences in calculated speeds and qualifying rates were estimated using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to account for multiple runs by the same handler.ResultsAmong jumpers courses, those run on sand in 2021 were markedly slower than those run on dirt. Grass and dirt were more similar in terms of average calculated speed, though some courses run on grass were significantly faster than courses run on dirt and vice versa. Time of day effects observed were inconsistent, with more variability observed for dirt and sand than for grass.DiscussionThere was a notable variation in calculate speed based on surface with sand being slowest, likely due to the increased energy cost required to run on sand due to its high compliance. Calculated speeds on grass and dirt appeared generally similar, but there was substantial variability of calculated speed among various courses, making comparison of surface effects challenging. Variables within the surface itself (such as compaction level and moisture content) likely play a role in the effects of surface on speed and performance. This study provides insight into the complexity of surface effects on performance in agility dogs and highlights the need for canine-specific surface studies on the effect of surface variables and how these relate to risk of development of musculoskeletal injuries.

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“…For instance, a recent study reported that a six weeks exercise program (simulated barefoot running) with three sessions per week resulted in significant decreases in loading rates and impact forces in healthy adult female runners [ 40 ]. In another study, we evaluated the acute effects of running on sand vs. stable ground and not the long-term (chronic) training effects of running on sand as performed in this study [ 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eight Weeks of Exercising on Sand Has Positive Effects on Biomechanics of Walking and Muscle Activities in Individuals with Pronated Feet: A Randomized Double-Blinded Controlled Trial

Jafarnezhadgero

Fatollahi

Granacher

2022

Sports

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This study aimed to investigate the effects of eight weeks of barefoot running exercise on sand versus control on measures of walking kinetics and muscle activities in individuals with diagnosed pronated feet. Sixty physically active male adults with pronated feet were randomly allocated into an intervention or a waiting control group. The intervention group conducted an 8-weeks progressive barefoot running exercise program on sand (e.g., short sprints) with three weekly sessions. Pre and post intervention, participants walked at a constant speed of 1.3 m/s ± 5% on a 18 m walkway with a force plate embedded in the middle of the walkway. Results showed significant group-by-time interactions for peak impact vertical and lateral ground reaction forces. Training but not control resulted in significantly lower peak impact vertical and lateral ground reaction forces. Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for vastus lateralis activity during the loading phase. Training-induced increases were found for the vastus lateralis in the intervention but not in the control group. This study revealed that the applied exercise program is a suitable means to absorb ground reaction forces (e.g., lower impact vertical and lateral peaks) and increase activities of selected lower limb muscles (e.g., vastus lateralis) when walking on stable ground.

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Effects of Running on Sand vs. Stable Ground on Kinetics and Muscle Activities in Individuals With Over-Pronated Feet

Cited by 6 publications

References 44 publications

Reduced Vastus Medialis/Lateralis EMG Ratio in Volleyballers with Chronic Knee Pain on Sports-Specific Surfaces: A Pilot Study

Reduced Vastus Medialis/Lateralis EMG Ratio in Volleyballers with Chronic Knee Pain on Sports-Specific Surfaces: A Pilot Study

Evaluation of surface type and time of day on agility course performance

Eight Weeks of Exercising on Sand Has Positive Effects on Biomechanics of Walking and Muscle Activities in Individuals with Pronated Feet: A Randomized Double-Blinded Controlled Trial

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