Postoperative recurrence of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major issue that must be addressed to further improve prognosis. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of interferon-alfa-1b (IFN-␣-1b) on recurrent tumor and metastasis after curative resection in nude mice bearing an HCC xenograft with high metastatic potential. Tumor tissues from LCI-D20, a metastatic model of HCC in nude mice, were orthotopically implanted in 105 nude mice. Eleven days later, 64 mice underwent curative resection of liver tumors. IFN-␣ at different doses was administered subcutaneously to mice with or without resection. In mice without resection, when comparison was made among control, IFN 7.5 ؋ 10 6 U/kg/day, 1.5 ؋ 10 7 U/kg/day for treated groups, and 3 ؋ 10 7 U/kg/day; tumor volume was 8,475 mm 3 ؎ 2,636 mm 3 , 7,963 mm 3 ؎ 3,214 mm 3 , 769 mm 3 ؎ 287 mm 3 , and 13 mm 3 ؎ 9 mm 3 ; incidence of lung metastasis being 100%, 80%, 40%, and 0%; life span was 45 ؎ 4 days, 53 ؎ 8 days, 81 ؎ 6 days, and 105 ؎ 24 days, respectively. In mice with curative resection, when comparison was made among control, IFN 5 ؋ 10 5 U/kg/day, 1 ؋ 10 6 U/kg/day, 4 ؋ 10 6 U/kg/day, 7.5 ؋ 10 6 U/kg/day, 1.5 ؋ 10 7 U/kg/day, and 3 ؋ 10 7 U/kg/day for treated groups; incidence of recurrent tumor was 100%, 100%, 87.5%, 100%, 87.5%, 62.5%, and 12.5%; lung metastasis being 100%, 75%, 87.5%, 50%, 62.5%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. IFN-␣ inhibited neovascularization induced by LCI-D20 tumor specimens implanted into the micropocket of nude mice corneas. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent fatal malignancies occurring in Asia and Africa. 1 In China, it is the second major cause of cancer death in males and the third in females. 2,3 Surgical resection is the most important treatment. Unfortunately, the postoperative recurrence rate remains high. 4,5 HCC is generally not sensitive to chemotherapy. HCC is a typical hypervascular tumor. Intrahepatic and lung metastases suggest its hematogenous dissemination. Recently, angiogenesis was proved to be an important factor influencing HCC metastases and recurrence. 6 Therefore, agents that inhibit angiogenesis maybe provide a new approach to suppress the tumor growth and recurrence of HCC. In addition to the well-documented, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects of interferon (IFN), the antiangiogenic properties of IFN have been proven. [7][8][9][10][11] The systemic administration of IFN-␣ decreased the expression of angiogenic factors, such as bFGF, 12 inhibited the angiogenesis, and resulted in regression of human tumors. 13,14 This study evaluates whether IFN-␣-1b can suppress tumor growth, prolong animal life-span, and inhibit recurrence after resection by inhibition of angiogenesis.