Effects of respiratory treatment with N-hexane on rat testis morphology

Martino, C. De; Malorni, Walter; Amantini, M.C.; Barcellona, P. Scorza; Frontali, N.

doi:10.1016/0014-4800(87)90066-9

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Studies of the potential for reproductive effects of n-hexane were similar to the results of the studies of commercial hexane. There were no effects on fertility (Marks et al 1980, Mast et al 1988c or sperm morphology (DeMartino et al 1987, Linder et al 1992, Mast et al 1988b). …”

Section: Reproductive Toxicity Studies Of N-hexanementioning

confidence: 93%

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Reproductive Toxicity Studies Of N-hexanementioning

confidence: 93%

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29) Testicular damage in males may be a second health endpoint of exposure to hexane. Hexane-induced testicular toxicity has been observed in rats (30)(31)(32)(33)(34) but not in mice. (35) Animal studies suggest that both the severity and duration of the neurotoxic effects of n-hexane are amplified when exposure occurs simultaneously with acetone (36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41) or methyl ethyl ketone.…”

Section: Hexane Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Worker Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds in the Vehicle Repair Industry

Wilson

Hammond

Nicas

et al. 2007

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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This study evaluated exposures among vehicle repair technicians to hexane, acetone, toluene, and total volatile organic compounds (VOCs). On randomly selected workdays, we observed a characteristic pattern of solvent use among 36 technicians employed in 10 repair shops, each of which used an aerosol solvent product. We obtained quantitative exposure measurements from a subset of nine technicians (employed in three of these shops) who used an aerosol product containing hexane (25-35%), acetone (45-55%), and toluene (5-10%). The time-weighted average (TWA) exposure concentration for task-length breathing zone (BZ) samples (n = 23) was 36 mg/m(3) for hexane, 50 mg/m(3) for acetone, and 10 mg/m(3) for toluene. The TWA area concentrations (n = 49) obtained contemporaneously with BZ samples ranged from 25% to 35% of the BZ concentrations. The solvent emission rate (grams emitted/task time) was correlated with the total VOC exposure concentration (R(2) = 0.45). The proportions of VOCs in the BZ samples were highly correlated (r = 0.89 to 0.95) and were similar to those of the bulk product. Continuous exposure measurements for total VOCs (n = 1238) during 26 tasks produced a mean BZ VOC "pulse" of 394 mg/m(3) within 1 min following initiation of solvent spraying. The geometric mean air speed was 5.2 meters/min in the work areas (n = 870) and was associated with 0.8 air changes per minute in the BZ. The findings suggest that vehicle repair technicians who use aerosol solvent products experience episodic, inhalation exposures to the VOCs contained in these products, and the proportions of VOCs in the breathing zone are similar to those of the bulk product. Because acetone appears to amplify the severity and duration of the neurotoxic effects of n-hexane, products formulated with both hexane and acetone should be avoided. Further evaluation of exposures to VOCs is needed in this industry, along with information on effective alternatives to aerosol solvent products.

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“…A NOAEL for developmental toxicity of 200 ppm in rats has been identified. Focal degeneration of spermatocytes and exfoliation of elongated spermatids was observed in rats treated with hexane but only at very high air concentrations (about 1 000 ppm) following exposure for 21-24 hours per day (De Martino et al, 1987, as cited in ATSDR, 1999. Focal degeneration of spermatocytes and exfoliation of elongated spermatids was observed in rats treated with hexane but only at very high air concentrations (about 1 000 ppm) following exposure for 21-24 hours per day (De Martino et al, 1987, as cited in ATSDR, 1999.…”

Section: Carcinogenicitymentioning

confidence: 88%

Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of the substances currently on the list in the annex to Commission Directive 96/3/EC as acceptable previous cargoes for edible fats and oils - Part II of III

2012

EFSA Journal

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Shipping of edible fats and oils into Europe is permitted in bulk tanks, in which substances, included in a positive list, had been previously transported. The European Commission requested EFSA to evaluate the list of substances in the Annex to Commission Directive 96/3/EC as acceptable previous cargoes for edible fats and oils, taking into account its review of the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) criteria for acceptable previous cargoes and criteria proposed by the Codex Committee for Fats and Oils. This is the second of three scientific opinions by the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel), in which thirty-five of these substances or groups of substances have been evaluated. The CONTAM Panel concluded that fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty alcohol blends, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid esters, and animal, marine and vegetable and hydrogenated oils and fats, all as specified, and acid oils and fatty acid distillates, acetic acid, sulphuric acid, formic acid, acetic anhydride, acetone, n-heptane, n-hexane, cyclohexane, pentane, iso-propanol, propyl alcohol, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, n-propyl acetate, ammonium hydroxide, limonene, methyl tertbutyl ether, urea ammonia nitrate solution, calcium chloride solution, magnesium chloride solution, potable water, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, silicon dioxide, sorbitol, molasses and beeswax would not be of health concern as previous cargoes. However, because of its insolubility in water and high melting point, silicon dioxide is not suitable for transport in tankers for edible fats and oils. There was insufficient information available on the composition of wine lees for the CONTAM Panel to conclude that it would not be of health concern when used as a previous cargo. The CONTAM Panel made several recommendations regarding the way in which the substances are described in the Annex to Commission Directive 96/3/EC, to correct inaccuracies and to better reflect current transport practices. for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion and the hearing expert John Hancock, and EFSA staff: Gina Cioacata and Luisa Ramos Bordajandi for the support provided to this scientific opinion. 4 Corrections have been made to Section 3.3.3 and to Section Conclusions (page 107, second bullet) for the entry on -Fatty alcohols (individually specified)‖ to list enanthyl alcohol (1-heptanol) and nonyl alcohol (1-nonanol) that due to an omission were not listed. The changes do not affect the overall conclusions of the opinion. To avoid confusion, the original version of the opinion has been removed from the website, but is available on request, as is a version showing all the changes made. Re-evaluation of acceptable previous cargoes for edible fats and oils -Part II of III EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2703 2 © European Food Safety Authority, 2012 KEY WORDS Acceptable previous cargo, edible fats and oils, sea transport, criteria for acceptability of previous cargoes Re-evaluation of acceptable previous cargoes for edible fats and oils -Part I...

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Effects of respiratory treatment with N-hexane on rat testis morphology

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Worker Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds in the Vehicle Repair Industry

Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of the substances currently on the list in the annex to Commission Directive 96/3/EC as acceptable previous cargoes for edible fats and oils - Part II of III

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