Effects of resistance training on elbow flexors of highly competitive bodybuilders

Alway, Stephen E.; Grumbt, W. H.; Stray-Gundersen, J.; Gonyea, W. J.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1992.72.4.1512

Cited by 71 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…If the general principle regarding adaptation to stress applies, then muscle protein accretion ought to be progressively smaller as RT progresses [33,34]. Thus, it seems logical to expect an MPS response that would be either smaller in amplitude and/or duration in response to an RE bout in a T state compared with an UT state.…”

Section: Direct Comparison Between Training States For Muscle Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Resistance Training-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Their Contribution to Hypertrophy

et al. 2015

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Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is stimulated by resistance exercise (RE) and is further stimulated by protein ingestion. The summation of periods of RE-induced increases in MPS can induce hypertrophy chronically. As such, studying the response of MPS with resistance training (RT) is informative, as adaptations in this process can modulate muscle mass gain. Previous studies have shown that the amplitude and duration of increases in MPS after an acute bout of RE are modulated by an individual's training status. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the initial responses of MPS to RE and nutrition are not correlated with subsequent hypertrophy. Thus, early acute responses of MPS in the hours after RE, in an untrained state, do not capture how MPS can affect RE-induced muscle hypertrophy. The purpose of this review is provide an in-depth understanding of the dynamic process of muscle hypertrophy throughout RT by examining all of the available data on MPS after RE and in different phases of an RT programme. Analysis of the time course and the overall response of MPS is critical to determine the potential protein accretion after an RE bout. Exercise-induced increases in MPS are shorter lived and peak earlier in the trained state than in the untrained state, resulting in a smaller overall muscle protein synthetic response in the trained state. Thus, RT induces a dampening of the MPS response, potentially limiting protein accretion, but when this occurs remains unknown.

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Section: Direct Comparison Between Training States For Muscle Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Resistance Training-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Their Contribution to Hypertrophy

et al. 2015

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“…Muscle ®bre cross-sectional area (CSA) in highly trained male and female body builders have been found to be 147% and 54% greater, respectively, compared with untrained age matched controls (Alway et al 1992). It has been reported that the percentage increase in muscle hypertrophy in response to high intensity resistance training is similar for men and women (Cureton et al 1988;Davies et al 1988;O'Hagen et al 1995), although absolute increase in muscle CSA tends to be greater in men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time course for strength and muscle thickness changes following upper and lower body resistance training in men and women

et al. 2000

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of skeletal muscle adaptations resulting from high-intensity, upper and lower body dynamic resistance training (WT). A group of 17 men and 20 women were recruited for WT, and 6 men and 7 women served as a control group. The WT group performed six dynamic resistance exercises to fatigue using 8-12 repetition maximum (RM). The subjects trained 3 days a week for 12 weeks. One-RM knee extension (KE) and chest press (CP) exercises were measured at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 for the WT group. Muscle thickness (MTH) was measured by ultrasound at eight anatomical sites. One-RM CP and KE strength had increased significantly at week 4 for the female WT group. For the men in the WT group, 1 RM had increased significantly at week 2 for KE and at week 6 for CP. The mean relative increases in KE and CP strength were 19% and 19% for the men and 19% and 27% for the women, respectively, after 12 weeks of WT. Resistance training elicited a significant increase in MTH of the chest and triceps muscles at week 6 in both sexes. There were non-significant trends for increases in quadriceps MTH for the WT groups. The relative increases in upper and lower body MTH were 12%-21% and 7%-9% in the men and 10%-31% and 7%-8% in the women respectively, after 12 weeks of WT. These results would suggest that increases in MTH in the upper body are greater and occur earlier compared to the lower extremity, during the first 12 weeks of a total body WT programme. The time-course and proportions of the increase in strength and MTH were similar for both the men and the women.

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“…Women have a smaller cross-sectional area than males in both type I and II muscle Wbers (Alway et al 1989(Alway et al , 1992Miller et al 1992;Ryushi et al 1988;Staron et al 2000) with females' type I Wbers closer to their male counterparts in cross-section than are females' type II Wbers. Also, females' type I Wbers can be equivalent or even larger in cross-sectional area than their type II Wbers (Alway et al 1989;Staron et al 1989Staron et al , 2000.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Peak lifting velocities of men and women for the reduced inertia squat exercise using force control

2007

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The purpose of the research was to determine peak velocities for the reduced inertia squat exercise at various resistance levels based on an isometric strength assessment for both men and women. On a Smith machine modified for pneumatic resistance, 12 males and 12 females previously trained college-age participants performed a maximal isometric strength assessment with knee angles of 90 degrees , 110 degrees , 130 degrees , 150 degrees and 170 degrees (180 degrees = full extension) followed by dynamic maximal effort squats with resistance maintained at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% of their lowest maximum isometric strength. No interaction existed between the men and women during isometric strength tests with the men stronger in every joint position (P < 0.05). The lowest isometric strength occurred at 90 degrees without variation. There was an interaction between men and women for peak lifting velocity during the dynamic lifts (P = 0.021) with the men producing higher velocities at all levels of resistance (P < 0.05). The difference in peak velocity between the sexes was greatest at the lowest resistance level and that difference was less significant at the higher resistance levels. The relationship between resistance force and peak lifting velocity is applicable to increasing the efficiency of the squat by maximizing force output per repetition by varying the resistance as the lifter approaches peak velocity similar to isokinetics with preloading and active instead of reactive resistance.

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Effects of resistance training on elbow flexors of highly competitive bodybuilders

Cited by 71 publications

References 0 publications

A Review of Resistance Training-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Their Contribution to Hypertrophy

A Review of Resistance Training-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Their Contribution to Hypertrophy

Time course for strength and muscle thickness changes following upper and lower body resistance training in men and women

Peak lifting velocities of men and women for the reduced inertia squat exercise using force control

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