Effects of repeated restraint stress on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical function in vasopressin deficient Brattleboro rats

Zelena, Dóra; Földes, Anna; Mergl, Zsuzsa; Barna, István; Kovács, Krisztina; Makara, Gábor B.

doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.04.007

Cited by 49 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The responses of Avpr1b KO animals and wild-type animals exposed to repeated stress are summarised in Table II. These studies have a number of salient features: firstly, as observed in male Brattleboro rats subjected to repeated restraint (Zelena et al 2004), the reduction in the ACTH response following repeated stress in Avpr1b KO animals is not often accompanied by a similar reduction in CORT responses—this mirrors what we have observed in these animals' responses to acute stress (see above). Secondly, with the exception of the ACTH response to repeated, severe restraint, the ACTH and CORT responses to acute or repeated stress are of equivalent magnitude.…”

Section: V1b Receptor Ko Micesupporting

confidence: 65%

“…The one exception is the response to “severe” restraint where there is no difference in either plasma ACTH level or CORT level between Avpr1b KO and wild-type mice (Lolait et al 2007a). Studies in “severely” restrained Brattleboro rats reveal a similar picture (Zelena et al 2004). It is likely that the restraint procedure employed was sufficiently stressful as to override any contribution from Avp (acting via the Avpr1b), e.g.…”

Section: V1b Receptor Ko Micementioning

confidence: 83%

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The vasopressin Avpr1b receptor: Molecular and pharmacological studies

Roper

O’Carroll

Young

et al. 2010

Stress

102

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The distribution, pharmacology and function of the arginine vasopressin (Avp) 1b receptor subtype (Avpr1b) has proved more challenging to investigate compared to other members of the Avp receptor family. Avp is increasingly recognised as an important modulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, an action mediated by the Avpr1b present on anterior pituitary corticotrophs. The Avpr1b is also expressed in some peripheral tissues including pancreas and adrenal, and in the hippocampus, paraventricular nucleus, and olfactory bulb of the rodent brain where its function is unknown. The central distribution of Avpr1bs is far more restricted than that of the Avpr1a, the main Avp receptor subtype found in the brain. Whether Avpr1b expression in rodent tissues is dependent on differences in the length of microsatellite dinucleotide repeats present in the 5′ promoter region of the Avpr1b gene remains to be determined. One difficulty of functional studies on the Avpr1b, especially its involvement in the HPA axis response to stress, which prompted the generation of Avpr1b knockout (KO) mouse models, was the shortage of commercially available Avpr1b ligands, particularly antagonists. Research on mice lacking functional Avpr1bs has highlighted behavioural deficits in social memory and aggression. The Avpr1b KO also appears to be an excellent model to study the contribution of the Avpr1b in the HPA axis response to acute and perhaps some chronic (repeated) stressors where corticotrophin releasing hormone (Crh) and other genes involved in the HPA axis response to stress do not appear to compensate for the loss of the Avpr1b.

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Section: V1b Receptor Ko Micesupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: V1b Receptor Ko Micementioning

confidence: 83%

The vasopressin Avpr1b receptor: Molecular and pharmacological studies

Roper

O’Carroll

Young

et al. 2010

Stress

102

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“…In the present study, AG hypertrophy and decreased body weight gain, but not thymus involution, were detected in rats submitted to CRS. The absence of thymus involution might suggest that longer-lasting daily stress sessions or periods of chronic stress are required to induce suppression of immune function and measurable decreases in thymus weight, as suggested by previous observations using restraint (Zelena et al, 2004) and other stressors (Figueiredo et al, 2003). Then, despite the absence of thymus involution, the above changes are consistent with the development of chronic stress in CRS rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…on day 15), animals were euthanized and AG from both sides and thymus were removed and then allowed to dry for determination of dry organ weights. To exclude possible differences in the weight of AG and thymus derived from normal changes in body weight, particularly in chronically stressed animals in which these parameters are reportedly altered (Cruz et al, 2012; Zelena et al, 2004), organ weights were expressed in milligrams per 100 g of the average body weight.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitization of restraint-induced corticosterone secretion after chronic restraint in rats: Involvement of 5-HT7 receptors

et al. 2013

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Serotonin (5-HT) modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress. We examined the effect of chronic restraint stress (CRS; 20 min/day) as compared to control (CTRL) conditions for 14 days, on: 1) restraint-induced ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) secretion in rats pretreated with vehicle or SB-656104 (a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist); 2) 5-HT7 receptor-like immunoreactivity (5-HT7-LI) and protein in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and adrenal glands (AG); 3) baseline levels of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio in PVN and AG; and 4) 5-HT-like immunoreactivity (5-HT-LI) in AG and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) protein in PVN and AG. On day 15, animals were subdivided into Treatment and No treatment groups. Treatment animals received an i.p. injection of vehicle or SB-656104; No Treatment animals received no injection. Sixty min later, Treatment animals were either decapitated with no further stress (0 min) or submitted to acute restraint (10, 30, 60 or 120 min); hormone serum levels were measured. No Treatment animals were employed for the rest of measurements. CRS decreased body weight gain and increased adrenal weight. In CTRL animals, acute restraint increased ACTH and CORT secretion in a time of restraint-dependent manner; both responses were inhibited by SB-656104. Exposure to CRS abolished ACTH but magnified CORT responses to restraint as compared to CTRL conditions; SB-656104 had no effect on ACTH levels but significantly inhibited sensitized CORT responses. In CTRL animals, 5-HT7-LI was detected in magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of PVN and sparsely in adrenal cortex. Exposure to CRS decreased 5-HT7-LI and protein in the PVN, but increased 5-HT7-LI in the adrenal cortex and protein in whole AG. Higher 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were detected in PVN and AG from CRS animals but 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio increased in AG only. Finally, whereas 5-HT-LI was sparsely observed in the adrenal cortex of CTRL animals, it strongly increased in the adrenal cortex of CRS animals. No TPH protein was detected in AG from both animal groups. Results suggest that CRS promotes endocrine disruption involving decreased ACTH and sensitized CORT responses to acute restraint. This phenomenon may be associated with increased function and expression of 5-HT7 receptors as well as 5-HT turnover in AG.

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“…Experiments on Brattleboro rats and control heterozygous littermates utilized three different chronic stress models: repeated restraint to produce physical–psychological stress (Zelena et al, 2004; Makara et al, 2012); repeated short periods of morphine withdrawal (Domokos et al, 2008; Makara et al, 2012); streptozotocin induced diabetes (Zelena et al, 2006; Makara et al, 2012). The changes characteristic to chronic stress, including body weight reduction, involution of the thymus, adrenal gland hypertrophy, and increases in basal POMC mRNA and plasma corticosterone, developed in all three models, but no difference was observed between the genotypes.…”

Section: Vasopressinergic Regulation Of Stress Responsiveness Of the mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Responsiveness of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis: Age-Related Features of the Vasopressinergic Regulation

Goncharova¹

2013

Front. Endocrinol.

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The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in adaptation to environmental stresses. Parvicellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus secrete corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) into pituitary portal system; CRH and AVP stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release through specific G-protein-coupled membrane receptors on pituitary corticotrophs, CRHR1 for CRH and V1b for AVP; the adrenal gland cortex secretes glucocorticoids in response to ACTH. The glucocorticoids activate specific receptors in brain and peripheral tissues thereby triggering the necessary metabolic, immune, neuromodulatory, and behavioral changes to resist stress. While importance of CRH, as a key hypothalamic factor of HPA axis regulation in basal and stress conditions in most species, is generally recognized, role of AVP remains to be clarified. This review focuses on the role of AVP in the regulation of stress responsiveness of the HPA axis with emphasis on the effects of aging on vasopressinergic regulation of HPA axis stress responsiveness. Under most of the known stressors, AVP is necessary for acute ACTH secretion but in a context-specific manner. The current data on the AVP role in regulation of HPA responsiveness to chronic stress in adulthood are rather contradictory. The importance of the vasopressinergic regulation of the HPA stress responsiveness is greatest during fetal development, in neonatal period, and in the lactating adult. Aging associated with increased variability in several parameters of HPA function including basal state, responsiveness to stressors, and special testing. Reports on the possible role of the AVP/V1b receptor system in the increase of HPA axis hyperactivity with aging are contradictory and requires further research. Many contradictory results may be due to age and species differences in the HPA function of rodents and primates.

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Effects of repeated restraint stress on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical function in vasopressin deficient Brattleboro rats

Cited by 49 publications

References 55 publications

The vasopressin Avpr1b receptor: Molecular and pharmacological studies

The vasopressin Avpr1b receptor: Molecular and pharmacological studies

Sensitization of restraint-induced corticosterone secretion after chronic restraint in rats: Involvement of 5-HT7 receptors

Stress Responsiveness of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis: Age-Related Features of the Vasopressinergic Regulation

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