Effects of repeated applications of two semi-permanent hair dyes to the skin of A and DBAf mice

Searle, C. E.; Jones, E. L.

doi:10.1038/bjc.1977.216

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Hair coloring products that gradually change hair color have been shown to be absorbed by the users.22 For example, gradual products contain lead acetate2324 and result in absorption oflead by the users.22 Although the target sites for carcinogenic hair coloring components in feeding studies of rats and mice have generally been the urinary tract, liver, mammary gland, skin, forestomach, and thyroid gland,25 there have been reports of increased lymphoma in mice in two skin painting studies of hair dyes. 26,27 In the present study, significant risks were observed for overall use of hair coloring products, darker colors, and trends of some use characteristics, but the patterns of risk by some use characteristics were inconsistent. These inconsistencies could arise because the association is noncausal, because ofchance (numbers of exposed cases were small), or because of misclassification of self-and proxy-reported exposure data for some of the use characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Use of hair coloring products and the risk of lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Zahm

Weisenburger²,

Babbitt³

et al. 1992

Am J Public Health

114

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OBJECTIVES. Hair coloring products are widely used and contain components that are mutagenic and carcinogenic. An association between occupational exposure to hair coloring products and hematopoietic cancers has been reported, but the risk for these cancers among users has not been carefully evaluated. METHODS. We conducted a population-based, case-control study with telephone interviews from 385 with telephone interviews from 385 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases, 70 Hodgkin's disease cases, 72 multiple myeloma cases, 56 chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases, and 1432 controls. RESULTS. Among women, use was associated with odds ratios of 1.5 for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 1.7 for Hodgkin's disease, 1.8 for multiple myeloma, and 1.0 for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Risk was higher for permanent hair coloring products than for semi- or nonpermanent products, particularly for dark colors. Long duration and early age of first use tended to increase risk, but the patterns were inconsistent. Use was much less common in men and did not significantly increase risk. CONCLUSIONS. The use of hair coloring products appears to increase the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Multiple myeloma and Hodgkin's disease were also associated, although based on far fewer subjects. If these results represent a causal association, use of hair coloring products would account for 35% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases in exposed women and 20% in all women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Use of hair coloring products and the risk of lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Zahm

Weisenburger²,

Babbitt³

et al. 1992

Am J Public Health

114

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“…Chromatid breaks and chromosome aberrations were induced 1, 4-diamino-2-nitrobenzene in a hamster cell line A(T1) Cl-3, CHMP/E cells and in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes (Searle et al 1975, Benedict 1976. The clastogenicity of the dye has been observed in male swiss mice administered intraperitoneal injections inducing micronucleated bone marrow cells in our laboratory (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…4-amino-2-nitrophenol with a mild skin application (0.2-0.4ml) in mouse could not induce significant carcinogenicity (Venitts and Searle 1976, Searle and Jones 1977). Likely, 20mg/kg b. w. of 4-amino-2-nitrophenol injected to Charles River rats 3 times for 8 weeks could not result any dominant lethal (Burnett et al 1977).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clastogenic Potential Testing of Some Hair Dye Components by the Bone Marrow Micronucleus Analysis.

Misra¹

1992

CYTOLOGIA

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“…In vitro and animal studies support the carcinogenic potential of certain hair dye constituents. These include 4‐methoxy‐m‐phenylenediamine (4‐MMPD, 2,4‐diaminoanisole), 4‐chloro‐m‐phenylenediamine, 2,4‐toluenediamine, 2‐nitro‐p‐phenylenediamine and 4‐amino‐2‐nitrophenol 14, 15, 16. Also, certain azo dyes are metabolized to benzidine,15 a known human bladder carcinogen 17.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bladder cancer risk and personal hair dye use

Andrew

Schned²,

Heaney

et al. 2004

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Several cohort and case-control studies have found an increased risk of bladder cancer among hairdressers and barbers who are occupationally exposed to hair dyes. However, the carcinogenic risk associated with personal use of hair dyes remains uncertain since several large case-control and cohort studies did not find an association between personal hair dye use and bladder cancer. To address this question, the authors used data collected on 459 bladder cancer cases and 665 controls who were interviewed as part of a case-control study conducted in New Hampshire between 1994 and 1998. Participants underwent a structured personal interview with regard to history of hair dye use and bladder cancer risk factors. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to compute odds ratios that were associated with hair dye use, while controlling for potential confounding factors. A history of any hair dye use was inversely associated with bladder cancer incidence in men [adjusted odds ratio (OR) ‫؍‬ 0.5; 95% confidence interval (CI)‫-3.0؍‬ 0.8], although risk reductions were not statistically significant for individual dye types. In women, use of permanent (adjusted OR ‫؍‬ 1.5; 95%CI ‫؍‬ 0.8 -2.7) and rinse-type hair dye (adjusted OR ‫؍‬ 1.7; 95%CI ‫؍‬ 0.8 -3.6) were associated with a modestly elevated risk of bladder cancer but with limited statistical precision; no association was found with use of semi-permanent dyes (adjusted OR ‫؍‬ 0.7; 95%CI ‫؍‬ 0.3-1.4). For permanent hair dye use, odds ratios were most pronounced for younger age at first use, higher frequency and prolonged time since first use; however there were no clear trends in risk by these factors. In light of the prevalence of hair dye use, further studies are needed that address the effects of specific colors and types of hair dyes along with the possible role of individual susceptibility. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: hair dye; bladder cancer; permanent dye; case-control; logistic regressionIt is estimated that about 33% of women above age 18 and over 10% of men over age 40 in the USA use hair dyes. 1 Occupational use of hair dyes by hairdressers and barbers has been associated with an increased risk of bladder-cancer in a number of cohort and case-control studies. 1 Combined, the cohort studies estimated a relative risk of bladder cancer associated with occupational exposure to hair dyes of 1.4 for 81,075 subjects (RR ϭ 1.1 for females, RR ϭ 1.6 for males), although control for smoking may be problematic. 1 Results of a recent follow-up cohort study in Sweden indicated an excess risk of bladder cancer among male hairdressers working at the 1960 census [standardized incidence ratio (SIR) ϭ 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-1.6], however no excess risk was observed in recent decades. 2 Furthermore, the carcinogenic risk associated with personal use of hair dyes remains unclear. Several large studies, including the Nurses' Health cohort study 3 and the American Cancer Society cohort study, 4,5 indicated no increased risk of bladder cancer among ...

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Effects of repeated applications of two semi-permanent hair dyes to the skin of A and DBAf mice

Cited by 24 publications

References 15 publications

Use of hair coloring products and the risk of lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Use of hair coloring products and the risk of lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Clastogenic Potential Testing of Some Hair Dye Components by the Bone Marrow Micronucleus Analysis.

Bladder cancer risk and personal hair dye use

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