Effects of renewables penetration on the security of Portuguese electricity supply

Gouveia, João Pedro; Dias, Luís; Martins, Ines Isabel; Seixas, Júlia

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.038

Cited by 50 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Finally, biomass in Portugal is not popular source. In Portugal Gouveia et al [43] state that the importance of RES in the Portuguese electricity generation sector has grown strongly, mainly due to a considerable increase in the share of onshore wind. According to Ribeiro et al [44], technologies for solar power plants and hydro power are regarded as the most desirable for further development in near future, provided that they are applied on a local scale.…”

Section: Presents Intermediate Countries (Group 2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Five years left – How are the EU member states contributing to the 20% target for EU's renewable energy consumption; the role of woody biomass

Proskurina

Sikkema

Heinimö

et al. 2016

Biomass and Bioenergy

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The European Union has set ambitious targets of raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources from 20% by 2020 to 27% by 2030. The aim of this paper is to assess the role of woody biomass in renewable energy as gross final energy consumption in the European Union (the EU-28). The paper identifies leading and lagging countries in biomass development by focusing on their current biomass use and forecasts future perspectives. The research compares and evaluates the role of biomass in renewable energy in the EU-28 focusing on countries' potential resources and policy support. The study shows that all countries are making efforts to reach the 20% target in 2020 and exhibit a trend of increasing renewable energy as gross final energy consumption towards the new target of 2030. Solid biomass plays an important role in reaching the EU's renewable energy targets. The majority of the EU-28 countries are close to reaching their national renewable energy targets and show a very attractive biomass development. Unless energy consumption decreases however, some member states will face serious problems in reaching their renewable energy target in 2020. Following our analysis, the largest problems occur in those MS having a relative highenergy consumption pattern: France, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is unlikely that they can comply with expected renewable energy demand, unless they mobilize more woody biomass from their available domestic potential (France, Germany) or considerably increase their woody biomass imports (mostly wood pellets) from elsewhere (United Kingdom). Keywords Definitions Bioenergy: Bioenergy refers to energy derived from biofuels. Biomass: Refers to the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from agricultural (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste.  Bioliquids. Refers to the liquid fuels made from biomass for energy purposes other than transport (i.e.heating and electricity). Gross inland consumption of energy (GIC) is the first aggregate in the national energy balances. It refers to "apparent" consumption and is derived from the formula that takes into account primary production, exports, imports and stock changes. It includes the primary energy from fossil fuels, from renewable energies (biomass, wind, solar, hydro), derived heat and trade of electrical energy. Gross final energy consumption (GFEC) is calculated from national energy balances. GFEC starts with the GIC data, after which transformation losses, distribution losses and own consumption of electricity and heat within the energy sector are subtracted. The GFEC data can be divided over the sectors involved in the energy consumption, after the subtraction of non-energy consumption (e.g. use of cokes for chemical products). At the end, we remain with final energy consumption by industry, transport and households [3].4

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Section: Presents Intermediate Countries (Group 2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Five years left – How are the EU member states contributing to the 20% target for EU's renewable energy consumption; the role of woody biomass

Proskurina

Sikkema

Heinimö

et al. 2016

Biomass and Bioenergy

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“…Within [18] Gouveia et al consider the impact of growing amounts of variable renewables for balancing an energy system, through a focus on wind power within Portugal. Whilst on the one hand this has been seen as way to improve security, by reducing imports, it is also recognised that it has created new risks for the electricity system.…”

Section: Insights For Energy Security and Its Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supply chains and energy security in a low carbon transition

Hoggett

Bolton²,

Candelise³

et al. 2014

Applied Energy

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“…It is to be mentioned that the research works presented in [63][64][65] do not suggest a safe margin of wind penetration in order to ensure a satisfactory frequency response in a power system. Expansion of wind generation in different real-world power networks are described in [29,[66][67][68][69]. Different techniques such as alternation of ROCOF protection schemes and deployment of emulated wind inertia [29] and keeping thermal generation at a minimum level [66] are proposed.…”

Section: Maximum Wind Penetration Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cross-border power transmission and additional measures, such as the application of electric vehicles, pumped storage hydro and hydrogen storage are investigated to augment wind generation [67][68][69]. A methodology is proposed in [70] for estimating the maximum penetration level of wind power plants that are based on Type 3 and Type 4 WTGs by maintaining an adequate frequency response in a power system.…”

Section: Maximum Wind Penetration Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, change of ROCOF protection settings [29] and keeping synchronous generation at a minimum level [66] are deployed to augment wind integration. Cross-border power transmission and utilisation of electric vehicles, pumped storage hydro and hydrogen storage are examined to increase wind penetration [67][68][69]. Disturbance size and ramp rate of synchronous generators are taken into account in [62] to determine the maximum wind penetration level in a small isolated power system.…”

Section: A Tool To Estimate Maximum Wind Penetration Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Security assessment due to increased wind generation in a complex power grid

Masood¹

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Wind energy is becoming a major source of generation in many countries because of its zero fuel cost and no air pollution. Due to the integration of large-scale wind power in conventional grids, synchronous generators are being economically replaced. Modern wind turbine generators (WTGs) are based on power electronic interfaces. Hence, unlike synchronous generators, they do not usually provide inertia and governor response. Therefore, from a power system security point of view, wind penetration can be limited by frequency response criteria. Up to now, several methodologies have been proposed to estimate the maximum wind penetration level. However, none of them suggest how a system operator could be immediately informed about a secured wind penetration limit as soon as a generation profile is known. Therefore, a tool to estimate the maximum wind penetration level by maintaining an adequate frequency response is proposed in this thesis. The proposed tool is able to instantly provide the highest margin of wind power that could be dispatched at a particular load condition without violating frequency response constraints.In some power systems, the combined generation capacity of wind and distributed photovoltaic (PV) sources is close to reaching the level of average demands (e.g. South Australia). Under high availability of wind and PV, a few synchronous machines may be required to be committed for frequency regulation and hence the system can be viewed as a low inertia grid. Such a grid could be potentially at risk of experiencing an excessive rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) after a contingency. A high ROCOF may initiate tripping of other synchronous generators. As a result, network frequency response may become more vulnerable and the system may be subject to significant under frequency load shedding (UFLS) or even at risk of a blackout. Furthermore, some existing distributed PV units may have a default under frequency protection setting, which is higher than the UFLS threshold. Hence, a contingency may cause a subsequent trip of those PV units. It may result in an unacceptable low frequency, triggering further load shedding. To explore the above issues, the effects of cascading contingencies triggered by high ROCOF and PV tripping on the frequency response of a low inertia grid are investigated in this thesis. Remedial measures using synchronous condenser and WTG frequency support to prevent the cascading contingencies are also suggested.Any mismatch between load and generation is intended to be balanced by contingency reserve, which is also known as contingency Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) requirement.Load frequency relief (LFR), which represents the effect of frequency dependent loads on power system frequency excursion, is crucial for correctly evaluating contingency FCAS requirement during a generation dispatch to ensure an adequate frequency response. Conventionally, the LFR is iii considered as a fixed quantity during the estimation of frequency response and FCAS requirement.How...

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Effects of renewables penetration on the security of Portuguese electricity supply

Cited by 50 publications

References 16 publications

Five years left – How are the EU member states contributing to the 20% target for EU's renewable energy consumption; the role of woody biomass

Five years left – How are the EU member states contributing to the 20% target for EU's renewable energy consumption; the role of woody biomass

Supply chains and energy security in a low carbon transition

Security assessment due to increased wind generation in a complex power grid

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