“…The larval and pupal stages of invertebrates are at risk because of their inability to escape from fire ant attacks. Vertebrate species that have been predated on by red imported fire ants include gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus, Landers et al, 1980), loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta, Moulis, 1997), eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus, Hill, 1970), small mammals (Smith et al, 1990;Killion and Grant, 1993), and whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus, Allen et al, 1997). In addition, Solenopsis invicta, outcompetes native ants and reduces diversity in many insect communities (Porter and Savignano, 1990).…”