Effects of Reaction Conditions on the Aqueous Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Oil

Molton, P.M.; Miller, Rachel K.; Russell, J.A.; Donovan, J.M.

doi:10.1021/bk-1981-0144.ch007

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Higher CO pressure would increase the rate of collision of CO and the other reactants and thus increase the production of intermediate. A small increase in oil (acetone soluble) yield (3e4%) has also been observed for reactions of a mixture of cellulose, sodium carbonate and water in CO when CO pressure was increased from 0 to~3.5 MPa [55].…”

Section: Effect Of Pressurementioning

confidence: 68%

“…Thermochemical liquefaction of coal by CO-water reactions offers several advantages over conventional hydrogenation, namely, no decrease in conversion for wet feedstock, potentially good oil yields at lower temperature relative to conventional liquefaction, high total conversions, good yields without any hydrogen donor solvent, and as a bonus, production of hydrogen [50,55]. It is known that compounds containing free eOH groups are particularly susceptible to CO/H 2 O reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pressurized thermal and hydrothermal decomposition of algae, wood chip residue, and grape marc: A comparative study

Subagyono¹,

Marshall²,

Jackson³

et al. 2015

Biomass and Bioenergy

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Section: Effect Of Pressurementioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressurized thermal and hydrothermal decomposition of algae, wood chip residue, and grape marc: A comparative study

Subagyono¹,

Marshall²,

Jackson³

et al. 2015

Biomass and Bioenergy

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“…Soil fertility is infl uenced by a number of soil properties and involves a complex balance of biotic and abiotic reactions that are spatially and temporally dynamic. Adding biochar to soils may produce immediate eff ects on properties such as soil nutrition, water retention, or microbial activity (Atkinson et al, 2010;Lehmann et al, 2011), although these eff ects vary (Bridgeman et al, 2008;Repellin et al, 2010;Phanphanich and Mani, 2011); slow pyrolysis (Apaydin-Varol et al, 2007;Pütün et al, 2007;Boateng et al, 2010b;Lima and Marshall, 2010); fast pyrolysis (Boateng, 2007;Boateng et al, 2010a;Boateng et al, 2010b;Mullen et al, 2010); fl ash (Antal and Grønli, 2003;Deenik et al, 2010); gasifi cation (Masclet et al, 1987;Ptasinski, 2008;Salleh et al, 2010;Fernández-Pereira et al, 2011); hydrothermal carbonization (Molton et al, 1981;Karagöz et al, 2005;Steinbeiss et al, 2009;Yuan et al, 2009;Rillig et al, 2010); microwave-assisted pyrolysis (Menéndez et al, 2006;Huang et al, 2008;Lei et al, 2009). ‡ Volatile matter (VM), ash content, and fi xed carbon expressed on a dry weight basis.…”

Section: Biochar Impacts On Agronomic Yieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar: A Synthesis of Its Agronomic Impact beyond Carbon Sequestration

Spokas

Cantrell²,

Novak³

et al. 2012

J. Environ. Qual.

831

507

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Biochar has been heralded as an amendment to revitalize degraded soils, improve soil carbon sequestration, increase agronomic productivity, and enter into future carbon trading markets. However, scientific and economic technicalties may limit the ability of biochar to consistently deliver on these expectations. Past research has demonstrated that biochar is part of the black carbon continuum with variable properties due to the net result of production (e.g., feedstock and pyrolysis conditions) and postproduction factors (storage or activation). Therefore, biochar is not a single entity but rather spans a wide range of black carbon forms. Biochar is black carbon, but not all black carbon is biochar. Agronomic benefits arising from biochar additions to degraded soils have been emphasized, but negligible and negative agronomic effects have also been reported. Fifty percent of the reviewed studies reported yield increases after black carbon or biochar additions, with the remainder of the studies reporting alarming decreases to no significant differences. Hardwood biochar (black carbon) produced by traditional methods (kilns or soil pits) possessed the most consistent yield increases when added to soils. The universality of this conclusion requires further evaluation due to the highly skewed feedstock preferences within existing studies. With global population expanding while the amount of arable land remains limited, restoring soil quality to nonproductive soils could be key to meeting future global food production, food security, and energy supplies; biochar may play a role in this endeavor. Biochar economics are often marginally viable and are tightly tied to the assumed duration of agronomic benefits. Further research is needed to determine the conditions under which biochar can provide economic and agronomic benefits and to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms responsible for these benefits.

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“…Liquefaction by catalytic hydropyrolysis has been the object of much interest and several routes have been developed. Some workers have studied the liquefaction of wood and other substrates such as cellulose or peat, in the presence of sodium carbonate and carbon monoxide (or CO/H2 mixtures) at temperatures around 350°C (Appell et al, 1971;Appell, 1977;Bjornbom et al, 1981;Cavalier and Chornet, 1977;Chornet et al, 1980;Eager et al, 1982;Elliott, 1980;Molton et al, 1981;Osterman et al, 1980). Another process used a nickel catalyst and hydrogen for wood liquefaction at 350°C (Boocock et al, 1979(Boocock et al, , 1980(Boocock et al, , 1982Fredon et al, 1983;Miller and Fellows, 1981).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood liquefaction with hydrogen or helium in the presence of iron additives

et al. 1985

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The catalytic activity of several iron additives was studied during the liquefaction of poplar wood suspended in water at 340°C. Iron powder gave good oil yields of -40%. The iron seemed to be an effective additive at the beginning of the reaction before being converted into Fe304. A systematic study of the influence of the initial pressure and volumetric composition of the gas phase (hydrogen-helium mixtures) was also made. An initial pressure in the range 4.0-6.0 MPa was necessary, but the nature of the gas had no significant effect on the yield and the quality of the oils obtained when the percentage amount of iron on dry wood was at least 14%. A stoichiometric equation for the liquefaction reaction is proposed which agrees with experimental results regardless of the initial gas composition.L'activitC catalytique de plusieurs composCs a base de fer a CtC CtudiCe lors de reactions de liquefaction de bois de peuplier, dans I'eau, a 340°C. La poudre de fer conduit ti des rendements en huile d'environ 40%. C'est au dCbut de la rCaction que le fer exercerait son activitC catalytique, et serait ensuite transform6 en Fe304, non actif. Une Ctude systkmatique de l'influence de la pression initiale de gaz et de la nature de ce gaz (melanges hydrogene-hClium) a Cte faite; une pression comprise entre 4,O et 6,O MPa est nkcessaire mais la nature du gaz n'a pas d'influence sur les rendements et la qualitt des huiles obtenues, si le pourcentage de fer par rapport au bois est au moins Cgal a 14%. Une Cquation stoechiomCtrique de la reaction de liquefaction a Ct C Ctablie, elle est valable quelle que soit la nature du gaz initial.wing the energy crisis of the 1970's, people became

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Effects of Reaction Conditions on the Aqueous Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Oil

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Pressurized thermal and hydrothermal decomposition of algae, wood chip residue, and grape marc: A comparative study

Pressurized thermal and hydrothermal decomposition of algae, wood chip residue, and grape marc: A comparative study

Biochar: A Synthesis of Its Agronomic Impact beyond Carbon Sequestration

Wood liquefaction with hydrogen or helium in the presence of iron additives

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