Effects of ration level on immune functions in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Alcorn, Stewart W.; Pascho, Ronald J.; Murray, Anthony L.; Shearer, Karl D.

doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00369-1

Cited by 41 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The low plasma proteins in the SW 100 dph and 170 dph groups may stem from regulatory mechanisms associated with the high ionic concentrations in the plasma or from the observed lack of foraging. Plasma proteins have been found to be related to the nutritional status of the fish, increasing with higher ingested protein concentrations and food quantity (Verdegem et al 1997;Alcorn et al 2003). They may also provide an energy source during starvation periods via gluconeogenic pathways.…”

Section: Osmoregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age/size effects on juvenile green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, oxygen consumption, growth, and osmoregulation in saline environments

Allen

Cech

2006

Environ Biol Fish

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The green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, is an anadromous species that migrates from freshwater (FW) to seawater (SW) relatively early in its life history, although the ages and sizes of juveniles at SW entry are not known. Developmental constraints of osmoregulatory organs may either prohibit (i.e., due to salinity tolerance limits) or minimize (i.e., due to substantial osmoregulatory or ionoregulatory energetic costs) SW entry in small fish. Interestingly, larger green sturgeon are often encountered in brackish water (BW) estuaries, perhaps due to an energetic advantage in occupying these near-isosmotic environments. To test hypotheses concerning fishsize effects on the energetic costs of occupying habitats of different salinities, we measured oxygen consumption rates in green sturgeon representing three age groups (100, 170, and 533 days post hatch; dph), which were acclimated for 5 weeks to one of three salinities (FW, < 3&; BW, 10&; or SW, 33&). Also, after 7 weeks, final wet masses were compared and blood and muscle tissue samples were taken to assess osmoregulatory abilities. There were no differences in bodymass-adjusted oxygen consumption rates between any salinities or ages, indicating that the energetic costs were not prohibitively high to occupy any of these salinities. The only mortalities occurred in the 100 dph SW group, where 23% of the fish died, from apparent starvation. Final wet masses were comparable between FW and BW for each age group and with the 533 dph SW group, but were lower in SW groups at 100 and 170 dph. Similarly, osmoregulatory abilities, in terms of plasma osmolality, Na + , K + , lactate, and protein concentrations, and muscle water content, were comparable in FW and BW groups at all ages, and with the SW group at 533 dph. These results indicated an age/body size effect in hyperosmotic adaptability, and that juvenile green sturgeon may be found in FW or BW at any age, but only have the ability to enter SW by 1.5 years (75 cm, 1.5 kg) of age.

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Section: Osmoregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age/size effects on juvenile green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, oxygen consumption, growth, and osmoregulation in saline environments

Allen

Cech

2006

Environ Biol Fish

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“…Similar to what happens in mammals, an adequate nutritional status is crucial for fish health preservation; in fact, feeding rates and composition were shown to affect innate immune functioning (Fletcher 1986;Landolt 1989;Blazer 1992;Waagbø 1994;Sitjà-Bobadilla and Pérez-Sánchez 1999;Alcorn et al 2003). However, the current knowledge of the effects of starvation on the immune response is limited (Sullivan and Somero 1983;Bastrop et al 1992;Blom et al 2000;Guderley et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological responses to starvation in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla): effects on haematological, biochemical, non-specific immune parameters and skin structures

Caruso

Maricchiolo

Micale

et al. 2008

Fish Physiol Biochem

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The physiological effects of short-term starvation on some haematological, biochemical and non-specific immune response parameters together with the histological structure of the skin, were investigated in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Blood haemoglobin and haematocrit, serum glucose and cortisol, hemolysins, haemagglutinins, and lysozyme in the plasma, kidney and epidermal extract, were measured in fish after 31, 42 and 58 days of starvation, and compared to those of fed fish. Starvation did not affect haemoglobin and haematocrit values, while an increase in glucose and cortisol levels was found in starved eels by day 42. Haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities decreased in starved eels. On the other hand, starvation caused an increase in the lysozyme content in the epidermal extracts, while no significant variations were observed in kidney and plasma. On the whole, no major changes in metabolic, haematological and non-specific immune parameters were observed when short-term (less than 2 months) starvation was applied to the European eel, suggesting an adaptive response to starvation, rather than a typical alarm-stress response, allowing this species to withstand food deprivation.

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“…Such a strategy is more likely to evolve if ectoparasite infections are costly and the reduction of these costs may benefit fitness. In addition to the adverse effects of ectoparasites mentioned in the introduction, there is some evidence that immune responses have direct energetic costs (Watts et al, 2001;Alcorn et al, 2003;Demas, 2004) and may suppress androgen steroids, which play an important role in facilitating reproductive traits (Boonekamp et al, 2008). Thus, because investment in the immune system may trade-off with other traits that are important for fitness, it would be adaptive to adjust activation of humoral immunity to the infection risk that is associated with the environment the individual is living in.…”

Section: Effect Of Cleaners On Indicators Of Health Of Reef Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ectoparasites compromise the fitness of their hosts via several mechanisms. They inflict not only direct costs via skin damage and blood consumption but also indirect costs via increasing the chance to secondary infections with opportunistic pathogens Grutter, 2005, 2008;Grutter, 2008), and thereby the need to activate inflammatory responses, which are energetically costly (Sheldon and Verhulst, 1996;Watts et al, 2001;Alcorn et al, 2003;Demas, 2004). Furthermore, experimental infection with ectoparasites has been shown to increase the corticosteroid stress response of salmonids (Ruane et al, 1999(Ruane et al, , 2000Wagner et al, 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does access to the bluestreak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus affect indicators of stress and health in resident reef fishes in the Red Sea?

Ros¹,

Lusa²,

Meyer³

et al. 2011

Hormones and Behavior

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Interactions between the bluestreak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus and its client reef fish are a textbook example of interspecific mutualism. The fact that clients actively visit cleaners and invite inspection, together with evidence that cleaners eat many client ectoparasites per day, indeed strongly suggests a mutualistic relationship. What remains unknown is how parasite removal affects the physiology of clients and thereby their body condition, health, and immune function. Here we addressed these issues in a field study in Ras Mohammed National Park, Egypt. In our study area, small reef patches are inter-spaced with areas of sandy substrate, thereby preventing many species (i.e., residents, including cleaner wrasses) from travelling between the reef patches. This habitat structure leads to a mosaic of resident clients with and without access to bluestreak cleaner wrasses, further referred to as "cleaner access", on which we focused our study. We found that residents with cleaner access had higher body condition than residents without cleaner access. However, indicators of stress like variation in cortisol levels corrected for handling time and various immune parameters were apparently unaffected by cleaner access. In fact antibody responses were significantly higher in fishes without cleaner access. This suggests that cleaner access decreases the need for active immunity and that this releases resources that might be allocated to other functions such as somatic growth and reproduction.

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Effects of ration level on immune functions in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Cited by 41 publications

References 38 publications

Age/size effects on juvenile green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, oxygen consumption, growth, and osmoregulation in saline environments

Age/size effects on juvenile green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, oxygen consumption, growth, and osmoregulation in saline environments

Physiological responses to starvation in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla): effects on haematological, biochemical, non-specific immune parameters and skin structures

Does access to the bluestreak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus affect indicators of stress and health in resident reef fishes in the Red Sea?

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