“… 31 The most common types of NDDs are Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 32 Neuronal dysfunction occurs in many ways, including oxidative overload, free radical formation, collapse of mitochondrial function, compromised biological energy, neuronal malfunction, neuroinflammatory processes, and neuronal structural and functional errors. 33 Other mechanisms have been identified, such as mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and aggregation of α-synuclein in PD, and mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), PS1, and PS2 (presenilin 1 and 2) in AD.…”