Effects of Racial Prejudice on the Health of Communities: A Multilevel Survival Analysis

Lee, Yeonjin; Muennig, Peter; Kawachi, Ichiro; Hatzenbuehler, Mark L.

doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302776

Cited by 57 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…One is that structural stigma and other forms of social inequality may be harmful not only for minorities, but also for majority group members. This idea is consistent with other studies showing that both Whites and Blacks have higher morality in communities with high levels of anti‐Black prejudice (e.g., Lee, Kawachi, Muennig, & Hatzenbuehler, ). A second possibility is that the observed relationship between community attitudes and the health of non‐LGBT individuals is not causal, but instead is due to unmeasured confounding.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Social Attitudes Regarding Same‐Sex Marriage and LGBT Health Disparities: Results from a National Probability Sample

Hatzenbuehler

Flores

Gates

2017

Journal of Social Issues

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This study examined the health consequences for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations of exposure to communities with relatively high versus low levels of support for same-sex marriage. We used data from the Gallup Daily tracking survey, the largest probability-based sample of LGBT-identified adults in the United States (N = 11,949 LGBT respondents; N = 352,, which was linked to attitudinal responses on same-sex marriage obtained from the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey (N = 54,535). Controlling for potential confounders, higher levels of local approval of samesex marriage lowered the probability that LGBT (and non-LGBT) individuals reported smoking and fair/poor self-rated health; further, LGBT disparities in smoking were lower in communities where residents were most likely to support same-sex marriage. Findings suggest that local attitudes may be related to the health of LGBT individuals and contribute to sexual orientation health disparities, providing further evidence for the role of structural stigma in shaping LGBT health.Research documents a wide range of disparities in health and well-being outcomes between lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) and non-LGBT

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Social Attitudes Regarding Same‐Sex Marriage and LGBT Health Disparities: Results from a National Probability Sample

Hatzenbuehler

Flores

Gates

2017

Journal of Social Issues

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“…Though previous research has suggested that racial bias is related to negative ingroup health outcomes for Whites (Kennedy et al, 1997;Lee et al, 2015;Leitner et al, 2016), it has remained unknown as to whether this relationship would exist among a minority population. The current findings suggest that the relationship between racial bias and negative ingroup health outcomes extends to Blacks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, research at the individual-level has found that Whites who harbor negative attitudes towards Blacks demonstrate greater physiological stress reactivity during interracial interactions (Mendes et al, 2007), and are more likely to die over a 6e15 year period (Lee et al, 2015). Furthermore, communitylevel research suggests that Whites show higher death rates in communities where Whites report more negative attitudes towards Blacks (Kennedy et al, 1997;Lee et al, 2015;Leitner et al, 2016). Thus, evidence suggests that it is a health risk for Whites to live to in a community where members of their ingroup harbor racial biases towards Blacks.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit

Leitner

Hehman

Ayduk

et al. 2016

Social Science & Medicine

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a b s t r a c tRationale: Research suggests that, among Whites, racial bias predicts negative ingroup health outcomes. However, little is known about whether racial bias predicts ingroup health outcomes among minority populations. Objective: The aim of the current research was to understand whether racial bias predicts negative ingroup health outcomes for Blacks. Method: We compiled racial bias responses from 250,665 Blacks and 1,391,632 Whites to generate county-level estimates of Blacks' and Whites' implicit and explicit biases towards each other. We then examined the degree to which these biases predicted ingroup death rate from circulatory-related diseases. Results: In counties where Blacks harbored more implicit bias towards Whites, Blacks died at a higher rate. Additionally, consistent with previous research, in counties where Whites harbored more explicit bias towards Blacks, Whites died at a higher rate. These links between racial bias and ingroup death rate were independent of county-level socio-demographic characteristics, and racial biases from the outgroup in the same county. Conclusion: Findings indicate that racial bias is related to negative ingroup health outcomes for both Blacks and Whites, though this relationship is driven by implicit bias for Blacks, and explicit bias for Whites.

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“…Racist attitudes, measured at the community level, have been conceptualized as a critical manifestation of racist ideology that not only reflect but also shape other indicators of structural racism, such as policy regimes. An emerging literature suggests that community-level racial animus may also be a risk factor for poor health among Blacks [27–30]. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does social selection explain the association between state-level racial animus and racial disparities in self-rated health in the United States?

McKetta

Hatzenbuehler

Pratt

et al. 2017

Annals of Epidemiology

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Racism, whether defined at individual, interpersonal, or structural levels, is associated with poor health among Blacks. This association may arise because exposure to racism causes poor health, but geographic mobility patterns pose an alternative explanation—namely, Black individuals with better health and resources can move away from racist environments. We examine evidence for selection effects using nationally representative, longitudinal data (1990–2009) from the Panel Study on Income Dynamics (N=33,852). We conceptualized state-level racial animus as an ecologic measure of racism and operationalized it as the percent of racially-charged Google search terms in each state. Among those who move out of state, Blacks reporting good self-rated health are more likely to move to a state with less racial animus than Blacks reporting poor self-rated health (p = .01), providing evidence for at least some selection into environments with less racial animus. However, among Blacks who moved states, over 80% moved to a state within the same quartile of racial animus, and fewer than 5% resided in states with the lowest level of racial animus. Geographic mobility patterns are therefore likely to explain only a small part of the relationship between racial animus and self-rated health. These results require replication with alternative measures of racist attitudes and health outcomes.

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Effects of Racial Prejudice on the Health of Communities: A Multilevel Survival Analysis

Cited by 57 publications

References 23 publications

Social Attitudes Regarding Same‐Sex Marriage and LGBT Health Disparities: Results from a National Probability Sample

Social Attitudes Regarding Same‐Sex Marriage and LGBT Health Disparities: Results from a National Probability Sample

Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit

Does social selection explain the association between state-level racial animus and racial disparities in self-rated health in the United States?

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