Effects of protein type and composition on postprandial markers of skeletal muscle anabolism, adipose tissue lipolysis, and hypothalamic gene expression

Mobley, C. Brooks; Fox, Carlton D.; Ferguson, Blake; Pascoe, Corrie; Healy, James C.; McAdam, Jeremy; Cm, Lockwood; Roberts, Michael D.

doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0076-9

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In addition to energy intake, whey proteins have been reported to increase postexercise resting energy expenditure (REE) when compared to carbohydrates [ 45 ] or non-energy placebo [ 46 ], up to 24 hours [ 45 ]. Whey proteins have been also shown to increase fat oxidation [ 47 ] and lipolysis [ 48 ] when compared to carbohydrates and also markers of lipolysis directly in visceral fat pad at least in rodents [ 49 ]. Therefore, it is speculated that both energy intake and expenditure were affected in the whey protein group contributing to the ~1 kg larger decrease in total and 0.2 kg of abdominal / android fat mass when compared to the carbohydrate group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of whey protein with or without carbohydrates on resistance training adaptations

Hulmi

Laakso

Mero

et al. 2015

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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BackgroundNutrition intake in the context of a resistance training (RT) bout may affect body composition and muscle strength. However, the individual and combined effects of whey protein and carbohydrates on long-term resistance training adaptations are poorly understood.MethodsA four-week preparatory RT period was conducted in previously untrained males to standardize the training background of the subjects. Thereafter, the subjects were randomized into three groups: 30 g of whey proteins (n = 22), isocaloric carbohydrates (maltodextrin, n = 21), or protein + carbohydrates (n = 25). Within these groups, the subjects were further randomized into two whole-body 12-week RT regimens aiming either for muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength or muscle strength, hypertrophy and power. The post-exercise drink was always ingested immediately after the exercise bout, 2–3 times per week depending on the training period. Body composition (by DXA), quadriceps femoris muscle cross-sectional area (by panoramic ultrasound), maximal strength (by dynamic and isometric leg press) and serum lipids as basic markers of cardiovascular health, were analysed before and after the intervention.ResultsTwelve-week RT led to increased fat-free mass, muscle size and strength independent of post-exercise nutrient intake (P < 0.05). However, the whey protein group reduced more total and abdominal area fat when compared to the carbohydrate group independent of the type of RT (P < 0.05). Thus, a larger relative increase (per kg bodyweight) in fat-free mass was observed in the protein vs. carbohydrate group (P < 0.05) without significant differences to the combined group. No systematic effects of the interventions were found for serum lipids. The RT type did not have an effect on the adaptations in response to different supplementation paradigms.ConclusionsPost-exercise supplementation with whey proteins when compared to carbohydrates or combination of proteins and carbohydrates did not have a major effect on muscle size or strength when ingested two to three times a week. However, whey proteins may increase abdominal fat loss and relative fat-free mass adaptations in response to resistance training when compared to fast-acting carbohydrates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Future studies should investigate in humans whether a form of whey proteins (e.g. intact vs. hydrolyzed) also may have an effect on body fat and muscle masses and their regulation as may be suggested based on recent rodent studies [ 49 , 50 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of whey protein with or without carbohydrates on resistance training adaptations

Hulmi

Laakso

Mero

et al. 2015

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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“…Of note, select data from group #3 above (WPC) published as control group in a previously published study by our group [ 16 ], but was used as a reference to examine how PA and PA + WPC affected post-feeding markers of muscle anabolism relative to WPC alone. It should also be noted that, while a 10 g human equivalent dose may be considered too low with regards to being able to increase skeletal muscle MPS given that 10 g of WPC delivers ~1 g of leucine to humans, we have consistently observed this dose of whey protein to increase MPS in rat skeletal muscle in pilot experiments (Additional file 1: Figure S1 in Mobley et al [ 16 ]) as well as previously published data [ 16 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, others in the literature have used chemiluminescent-based phosphoarray chips for screening purposes as we have utilized them herein [ 18 , 19 ]. Finally, prior publications from our laboratory using this method has shown that different doses of whey protein feedings in rats increases p-rps6, p-mTOR, and p-p70sk6 (Additional file 1: Figure S1 in Mobley et al [ 16 ]), and these arrays are sensitive at detecting differences in phospho-signaling events that occur in rodents in response to cardiac ischemia-reperfusion [ 20 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of oral phosphatidic acid feeding with or without whey protein on muscle protein synthesis and anabolic signaling in rodent skeletal muscle

Mobley

Hornberger

Fox

et al. 2015

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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BackgroundPhosphatidic acid (PA) is a diacyl-glycerophospholipid that acts as a signaling molecule in numerous cellular processes. Recently, PA has been proposed to stimulate skeletal muscle protein accretion, but mechanistic studies are lacking. Furthermore, it is unknown whether co-ingesting PA with other leucine-containing ingredients can enhance intramuscular anabolic signaling mechanisms. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine if oral PA feeding acutely increases anabolic signaling markers and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in gastrocnemius with and without whey protein concentrate (WPC).MethodsOvernight fasted male Wistar rats (~250 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: control (CON, n = 6-13), PA (29 mg; n = 8), WPC (197 mg; n = 8), or PA + WPC (n = 8). Three hours post-feeding, gastrocnemius muscle was removed for markers of Akt-mTOR signaling, gene expression patterns related to skeletal muscle mass regulation and metabolism, and MPS analysis via the SUnSET method.ResultsCompared to CON rats, PA, WPC and PA + WPC resulted in a significant elevation in the phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2481) and rps6 (Ser235/236) (p < 0.05) in the gastrocnemius though there were no differences between the supplemented groups. MPS levels in the gastrocnemius were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in WPC versus CON rats, and tended to be elevated in PA versus CON rats (p = 0.08), though MPS was less in PA + WPC versus WPC rats (p < 0.05) in spite of robust increases in mTOR pathway activity markers in the former group. C2C12 myoblast data agreed with the in vivo data herein showing that PA increased MPS levels 51 % (p < 0.001) phosphorylated p70s6k (Thr389) levels 67 % (p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur results are the first in vivo evidence to demonstrate that PA tends to increases MPS 3 h post-feeding, though PA may delay WPC-mediated MPS kinetics within a 3 h post-feeding window.

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“…However, it is unclear whether the consumption of whey affects the central mechanisms involved in food intake control. Animal studies assessing how whey protein affects food intake have used different experimental models with diverse amounts of dietary proteins (11)(12)(13)(14) , as well as diverse experimental procedures (duration of the treatment, protein content, use of protein preloads, age and sex of the subjects, etc. ), which make it difficult to draw a definitive conclusion about the effects of whey on appetite.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dietary whey reduces energy intake and alters hypothalamic gene expression in obese phyto-oestrogen-deprived male rats

et al. 2016

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Removing dietary phyto-oestrogens in adult male rats causes obesity and diabetes. As whey proteins have been reported to reduce food intake and improve glucose homoeostasis, we investigated whether they could attenuate susceptibility to obesity and diabetes due to phytooestrogen deprivation. To this end, thirty male Wistar rats were fed a high-phyto-oestrogen (HP) or a phyto-oestrogen-free (PF) diet for 10 weeks; six rats from each group were killed. The remaining HP animals (six animals) continued receiving the HP diet for 6 weeks. The remaining PF rats (twelve rats) were divided in two groups: one was given the PF diet and the other a variation of the PF diet plus whey protein (PF-W). Body weight, food intake and adipose tissue weights were recorded. Hypothalamic mRNA expressions of orexigenic (neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein (AgRP)) and anorexigenic (pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript (CART)) neuropeptides were quantified by real-time PCR. Serum glucose, insulin and total thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone, testosterone and oestradiol were assessed. After 10 weeks of PF diet, increased body weight, adiposity and energy intake, with up-regulation of AgRP and down-regulation of POMC', were observed. Longer treatment exacerbated these results, increased total T4 levels, reduced oestradiol levels and impaired glucose homoeostasis. PF-W reduced energy intake and increased POMC expression; however, body weight and adiposity remained unchanged. PF-W could not prevent the hormonal changes or the high circulating glucose levels induced by phytooestrogen deprivation, but reduced fasting insulin. These data demonstrate that, although 6 weeks of whey administration could not prevent obesity in phyto-oestrogen-deprived rats, the reduction in energy intake and circulating insulin could be beneficial with longer treatments.

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Effects of protein type and composition on postprandial markers of skeletal muscle anabolism, adipose tissue lipolysis, and hypothalamic gene expression

Cited by 22 publications

References 56 publications

The effects of whey protein with or without carbohydrates on resistance training adaptations

The effects of whey protein with or without carbohydrates on resistance training adaptations

Effects of oral phosphatidic acid feeding with or without whey protein on muscle protein synthesis and anabolic signaling in rodent skeletal muscle

Dietary whey reduces energy intake and alters hypothalamic gene expression in obese phyto-oestrogen-deprived male rats

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