Effects of propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and nicotine on emissions and dynamics of electronic cigarette aerosols

Li, Liqiao; Lee, Eon S.; Nguyen, Charlene; Zhu, Yifang

doi:10.1080/02786826.2020.1771270

Cited by 38 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(95 reference statements)

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“…Surprisingly and in contrast, addition of nicotine alone to PG/VG led to reduced, yet non-significant, submicron and microparticle quantities coming from EC. This is consistent with other studies which showed emission of submicron 2.5 μm PM (PM 2.5 ) decreases with nicotine ( Li et al., 2020 ). We speculate that this may be attributed to hygroscopic nature of nicotine, which similar to PG/VG, has a low Log Kow (where Kow is n-octanol/water partition coefficient).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

A robotic system for real-time analysis of inhaled submicron and microparticles

et al. 2021

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Vitamin E acetate (VEA) has been strongly linked to outbreak of electronic cigarette (EC) or vaping product use-associated lung injury. How VEA leads to such an unexpected morbidity and mortality is currently unknown. To understand whether VEA impacts the disposition profile of inhaled particles, we created a biologically inspired robotic system that quantitatively analyzes submicron and microparticles generated from ECs in real-time while mimicking clinically relevant breathing and vaping topography exactly as happens in humans. We observed addition of even small quantities of VEA was sufficient to alter size distribution and significantly enhance total particles inhaled from ECs. Moreover, we demonstrated utility of our biomimetic robot for studying influence of nicotine and breathing profiles from obstructive and restrictive lung disorders. We anticipate our system will serve as a novel preclinical scientific research, decision-support tool when insight into toxicological impact of modifications in electronic nicotine delivery systems is desired.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

A robotic system for real-time analysis of inhaled submicron and microparticles

et al. 2021

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“…This is congruent with the vapor pressure of PG (0.13 mmHg at 25°C), lower than the VG one (1.68 × 10 −4 mm Hg at 25 °C), so that for the lower VG/PG ratio liquid, more solvent partitioned into the vapor phase. Such behavior is in agreement with the study of Li et al [ 29 ], who found that the VG/PG ratio was positively associated with the PM 2.5 emission factor. Moreover, according to the authors, nicotine also plays a role in reducing aerosol emissions.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Passive Vaping from Sub-Ohm Electronic Cigarette Devices

Manigrasso

Protano

Vitali

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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To investigate passive vaping due to sub-ohm electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), aerosol number size distribution measurements (6 nm–10 µm) were performed during volunteer-vaping sessions. E-liquids, with vegetable glycerin (VG) and propylene glycol (PG), with a VG/PG ratio of 50/50 (with nicotine) and 80/20 (without nicotine), were vaped with a double-coil, single aerosol exit hole at 25–80 W electric power, corresponding to 130–365 kW m−2 heat fluxes and with an octa-coil, four aerosol exit holes atomizers, at 50–150 W electric power, corresponding to 133–398 kW m−2 heat fluxes. At the lowest heat flux, lower particle number concentrations (NTot) were observed for the nicotine-liquid than for the nicotine-free liquid, also due to its higher content of PG, more volatile than VG. For the octa-coil atomizer, at 265 and 398 kW m−2, NTot decreased below the first-generation e-cig, whereas volume concentrations greatly increased, due to the formation of super micron droplets. Higher volume concentrations were observed for the 80/20 VG/PG liquid, because of VG vaporization and of its decomposition products, greater than for PG. For the double coil atomizer, increasing the electric power from 40 W (208 kW m−2) to 80 W (365 kW m−2) possibly led to a critical heat flow condition, causing a reduction of the number concentrations for the VG/PG 50/50 liquid, an increase for the 80/20 VG/PG liquid and a decrease of the volume concentrations for both of them. Coherently, the main mode was at about 0.1 µm on both metrics for both liquids. For the other tests, two main modes (1 and 2 µm) were observed in the volume size distributions, the latter becoming wider at 100 and 150 W (265 and 398 kW m−2), suggesting the increased emission of light condensable decomposition products. The lower aerosol emissions observed at 150 W than at 100 W suggest the formation of gas-phase decomposition products. The observation of low-count high-volume aerosols addresses the relevance of the volume metric upon measuring the second-hand concentration of the aerosols released by sub-ohm e-cigarettes.

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“…In addition, ratios for the mean PNC was 0.48 between Room V and Room N, indicating that 48% of the exhaled e-cig particles transported from Room V to Room N. In comparison, the ratio for mean PM 2.5 was only 0.12, suggesting fine particles transport much less than ultrafine particles. This is likely due to particle evaporation since our previous chamber study has shown higher loss rates of PM 2.5 (i.e., 4.4-7.0 h -1 ) compared to ultrafine particles (i.e., 0.6-1.2 h -1 ) (Li et al, 2020a). Particle evaporation led to a quicker decrease in particle mass compared with particle number.…”

Section: Transport Of Exhaled E-cig Aerosolsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Transport and Mitigation of Exhaled Electronic Cigarette Aerosols in a Multizone Indoor Environment

Zhang

Lin

Zhu

2020

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Using an electronic cigarette (e-cig) has been shown to emit a substantial amount of particles and degrade indoor air quality. Here, we tested the effectiveness of different mitigation strategies to reduce indoor particulate pollution due to e-cigs. We simultaneously measured concentrations of particle number (PNC) and fine particle (PM 2.5 ) mass in a vaping room and an adjacent non-vaping room, both of which were well controlled, during e-cig use under six different experimental conditions: (1) the baseline scenario, in which the connecting door between the two rooms was open, the ventilation in both rooms was low, and no air purifier was operated; (2) the connecting door between the two rooms was closed; (3) the ventilation was enhanced in the vaping room; (4) the ventilation was enhanced in the non-vaping room; (5) an air purifier was operated in the vaping room; and (6) an air purifier was operated in the non-vaping room. We found that the particle concentrations significantly decreased in both of the rooms when either the ventilation was enhanced or the air purifier was operated. Closing the connecting door between the two rooms produced the largest reduction (42%) of PNC in the nonvaping room; however, it also led to a 26% increase of PNC in the vaping room. Previous studies have demonstrated that vape shops contain high concentrations of particles when no mitigation strategies are implemented. Our results provide a basis for assessing and reducing exposure to e-cig aerosols and its associated health effects in future studies.

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Effects of propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and nicotine on emissions and dynamics of electronic cigarette aerosols

Cited by 38 publications

References 69 publications

A robotic system for real-time analysis of inhaled submicron and microparticles

A robotic system for real-time analysis of inhaled submicron and microparticles

Passive Vaping from Sub-Ohm Electronic Cigarette Devices

Transport and Mitigation of Exhaled Electronic Cigarette Aerosols in a Multizone Indoor Environment

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