“…There is also an increasing focus on human dental MSCs, classified based on their niche within the dental environment ( Machado et al, 2012 ). In the context of regenerative dentistry, scaffolds have been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo , with an emphasis on factors such as scale (micro, nanometric, or hyper-hierarchical), origin (natural or synthetic), product type (massive or customized), manufacturing techniques (including 3D printing and bioprinting) ( Nikolova and Chavali, 2019 ), functionality (3D, 3D functionalized, and 4D) ( Soleymani and Naghib, 2023 ; Wan et al, 2023 ), geometries (periodic or non-periodic) and composition (polymer, metallic, or ceramic) ( Teixeira et al, 2009 ; Higuita-Castro et al, 2012 ; Martin et al, 2019 ; Moreno et al, 2023 ). However, ceramic-based 3D scaffolds have received relatively less attention.…”