Effects of process parameters on the properties of brake pad developed from seashell as reinforcement material using grey relational analysis

Abutu, J.; Lawal, Sunday Albert; Ndaliman, Mohammed Baba; Lafia-Araga, Ruth Anayimi; Adedipe, Oyewole; Choudhury, Imtiaz Ahmed

doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2018.05.014

Cited by 40 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…The volume fraction (f) of individual constituent for the coconut shellreinforced composite was calculated using Eq. 1, whereas Archimede's principle was used to determine the densities of coconut shell and graphite while the densities of reagent grade aluminum oxide and epoxy resin were provided by the producers [18,22]. u j and u i are the percentage weight of the total and individual constituent, respectively, while δ j and δ i are the densities of the total and individual constituents, respectively.…”

Section: Preparation Of Materials and Formulation Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the theoretical density of the coconut shellreinforced brake pads is shown in Eq. 2 [18,22].…”

Section: Preparation Of Materials and Formulation Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Abutu et al [18], also investigated the use of seashell (reinforcement material) as possible alternative for asbestos in brake pad production by utilizing experimental design technique (Central Composite-RSM design) and multi-response optimization technique (Grey Relational Analysis). The authors reported that optimal performance of the developed brake pad can be achieved using molding pressure (MP), molding temperature (MT), curing time (CT) and heat treatment time (HTT) of 14 MPa, 160 °C, 12 min and 1 h, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors reported that optimal performance of the developed brake pad can be achieved using molding pressure (MP), molding temperature (MT), curing time (CT) and heat treatment time (HTT) of 14 MPa, 160 °C, 12 min and 1 h, respectively. However, in this study, the effect of coconut shell inclusion in brake pad production using similar experimental conditions and technique adopted in the work of Abutu et al [18] was investigated. The seashell utilized as reinforcement material by the authors was substituted with coconut shell in order to examine the effects of the material (coconut shell) on the performance of the brake pad.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These techniques are against the usual Taguchi design as well trial and error method used in previous reports. The tribological and mechanical properties of the developed and commercial(control) brake pad samples were investigated using the testing conditions adopted by Abutu et al [18] and the results (responses) obtained were discussed. The application of coconut shell as reinforcement material will serve as a means of utilizing agricultural wastes and also contribute to the actualization of the local content initiative for the use of locally made products in indigenous automobile industries in Nigeria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production and characterization of brake pad developed from coconut shell reinforcement material using central composite design

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In this work, locally sourced non-hazardous materials were used to produce brake pad using grey relational analysis (GRA) and experimental design via central composite design. Raw materials selected for production include coconut shell, epoxy resin (binder), graphite (friction modifier) and aluminum oxide (abrasive). Twenty-seven samples were produced separately using coconut shell as reinforcement material by varying process parameters. Formulation of the brake pads samples was done using rule of mixture and a weight percent of 52% reinforcement material, 35% binder, 8% abrasive and 5% friction modifier were used for the production. Grey relational analysis (GRA) shows that optimal process performance can be obtained using molding pressure, molding temperature, curing time and heat treatment time of 14 MPa, 140 °C, 8 min and 5 h, respectively. Optimized sample was produced using the optimal set of process parameters obtained from GRA and compared with commercially available sample produced by Ibeto Group. The experimental results showed that the performance of the optimized coconut shell-reinforced brake pad compared satisfactorily with commercially available samples and capable of producing less brake noise and vibration during application. Analysis of variance shows that curing time with a contribution of 30.38% and 31.40% have the most significant effect on the hardness and ultimate tensile strength of the coconut shell-reinforced friction material, respectively, while heat treatment time with a contribution of 46.3% and 24.23% have the most significant effect on the wear rate and friction coefficient of coconut shell-reinforced brake pad, respectively. The effects of all the factors on the properties of the friction materials are significant since their p values are greater than 0.010 (1%). Keywords Brake pads • Central composite design • Grey relational analysis • Coconut shell and characterization List of symbols Axial value µ Coefficient of friction Distinguishing coefficient u Percentage weight δ Densities f Volume fraction X Weight F Applied load d Disk diameter t Time of exposure of specimen to abrasion N Radial speed b Support span (mm) t Specimen thickness (mm) Deflection (mm) w Specimen width (mm) χ Distinguishing coefficient n Number of factor level combination k Performance value MT Molding temperature MP Molding pressure CT Curing time HTT Heat treatment time

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Section: Preparation Of Materials and Formulation Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the theoretical density of the coconut shellreinforced brake pads is shown in Eq. 2 [18,22].…”

Section: Preparation Of Materials and Formulation Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%