Effects of Probiotics and Gut Microbiota on Bone Metabolism in Chickens: A Review

Abstract

Broiler leg diseases are a common abnormal bone metabolism issue that leads to poor leg health in growing poultry. Bone metabolism is a complicated regulatory process controlled by genetic, nutritional, feeding management, environmental, or other influencing factors. The gut microbiota constitutes the largest micro-ecosystem in animals and is closely related to many metabolic disorders, including bone disease, by affecting the absorption of nutrients and the barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract and regulating the immune system and even the brain–gut–bone axis. Recently, probiotic-based dietary supplementation has emerged as an emerging strategy to improve bone health in chickens by regulating bone metabolism based on the gut–bone axis. This review aims to summarize the regulatory mechanisms of probiotics in the gut microbiota on bone metabolism and to provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of bone diseases in broiler chickens.

Alleviation of Catching and Crating Stress by Dietary Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis in Pekin Ducks

“…The present findings suggest that probiotics ( Bacillus subtilis at 1 g/kg diet) supplementation had a negligible effect on ducks’ weight gain, feed intake, and FCR from days 1 to 21. Differences in the bacterial strains, concentrations of the probiotics, diet composition, and animal models used may be associated with conflicting results [ 6 , 36 ].…”

“…Gut microbiota may affect emotional behaviour, memory capacities, cognitive abilities, and behaviour in humans and animals [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. It is increasingly recognised that gut microbiota may have significant implications for farm animal well-being [ 5 , 6 ]. Supplementing feed or drinking water with probiotics is one of the most common strategies to modify the gut microbiota composition of poultry.…”

The footprint of gut microbiota in gallbladder cancer: a mechanistic review

“…In pathological conditions, an increase in the circulation rate of BAs not only increases the risk of developing GBC ( Wu et al., 2020 ), but also results in a large number of derived metabolites, indirectly affecting key signaling pathways in GBC. BAs can be categorized into primary bile acids (pBAs) and secondary bile acids (sBAs) ( Kolodziejczyk et al., 2019 ; Chen et al., 2022b ). pBAs including chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and cholic acid (CA) are synthesized directly by hepatocytes, whereas sBAs including lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) undergo 7-dihydroxylation transformation by bacteria and enterohepatic recycling ( Taylor and Green, 2018 ; Yang et al., 2022a ).…”

Poultry gut health and beyond

“…The effects of prebiotics on the intestinal health in poultry and pigs have also been reviewed recently ( Azad et al., 2020 ; Ducatelle et al., 2015 ). Probiotics may have effects not only on the intestinal health of poultry ( Ducatelle et al., 2015 ; Yacoob et al., 2022 ; Yousaf et al., 2022 ) but also general health effects, including improvement in bone metabolism ( Chen et al., 2022 ). All of the above mentioned feed additives have documented effects on the gut microbiota, but it is not always absolutely clear whether the changes in intestinal microbiota are responsible for the observed beneficial effects on intestinal health.…”