Effects of Prices on Youth Cigarette Smoking and Tobacco Use Initiation in Ghana and Nigeria

Asare, Samuel; Stokłosa, Michał; Drope, Jeffrey; Larsen, Aidan

doi:10.3390/ijerph16173114

Cited by 21 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…The results show that tobacco is a normal good and that growing income makes it more affordable. This finding is in tandem with previous studies that found rising incomes to influence tobacco consumption positively [ 9 , 15 ]. Given the continent’s (Africa) impressive growth performance for some time now, the current smoking prevalence in Africa is unlikely to fall substantially, if efforts are not bolstered.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Whether the strategy of using tax and price measures to curb smoking yields the desired results, is an empirical question that has received considerable attention in the literature [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Among these studies, only Ho et al [11] conducted a cross-country analysis for Africa, and found cigarette prices to decrease cigarette consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of tobacco taxation and pricing on the prevalence of smoking in Africa

Immurana

Boachie

Iddrisu

2021

glob health res policy

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Background Tobacco use continues to kill millions of people globally, making it one of the major causes of preventable deaths. Notwithstanding, there has been a very marginal fall in the prevalence of tobacco smoking in Africa. Since taxes (hence prices) are part of the main measures suggested to decrease the demand for tobacco products, this study investigates how tobacco taxation and pricing influence the prevalence of smoking in 24 African countries. Methods Using panel data on 24 African countries sourced from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank databases for the period 2010 to 2016, this study employs the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator to investigate the effects of tobacco taxation and pricing on the prevalence of smoking. The system GMM estimator is used due its ability to deal with potential endogeneity of tobacco taxation and pricing: the likelihood that the prevalence of smoking can influence tobacco taxation and pricing which may lead to biased estimates. Results Tobacco taxation and pricing have negative significant effects on the prevalence of smoking among the selected countries after controlling for growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, urbanization, death rate and net inflows of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Specifically, a percentage increase in tobacco price is found to decrease the prevalence of smoking by between 0.11 to 0.14%, while a percentage increase in tobacco tax decreases the prevalence of smoking by between 0.25 to 0.36%, all at 1% level of significance. Conclusion Since tobacco taxation and pricing are found to have negative significant effects on the prevalence of smoking, the implication is that, their use can be intensified by African policy makers towards achieving the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) recommended targets and hence decrease the prevalence of tobacco smoking in Africa. Doing so may therefore help in achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.5 (prevention and treatment of substance abuse), thereby reducing the colossal number of smoking attributable deaths.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of tobacco taxation and pricing on the prevalence of smoking in Africa

Immurana

Boachie

Iddrisu

2021

glob health res policy

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“…On the other hand, strict enforcement of regulations prohibiting sales of tobacco products to minors has been shown to contribute to a reduction of smoking among youths [45]. Research evidence has also shown that higher cigarette prices has decreased tobacco use onset among youths in Ghana and Nigeria [46], and this is reflected in the global literature as well. Based on these findings, the prices of cigarettes should be increased to deter youths from initiating tobacco use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Predictors of Smoking among Gambian Men: A Cross-Sectional National WHO STEP Survey

Cham

Scholes

Groce

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Background: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the world, with a higher burden in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence and predictors of smoking among Gambian men using nationally representative data. Methods: Data was collected in 2010 from a random, nationally representative sample of 4111 adults aged 25–64 years (78% response rate) using the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise cross-sectional survey methods. Our analyses focused on men with valid information on smoking status (n = 1766) because of the low prevalence of smoking among women (1%). Results: The prevalence of current smoking among men was 31.4% (95% CI: 27.2–35.9). The median age of starting smoking was 19 years; 25% started before the age of 18 years and 10% started aged 8–10 years. Rural residence, underweight, and hypertension were significantly associated with smoking. Conclusion: The study reveals a high prevalence of smoking among Gambian men. It is evident that cigarettes are obtained by minors in The Gambia, as a high proportion of current smokers started at a young age. Advice and support to quit smoking should be extended to all smokers regardless of their age and whether or not they have any underlying health conditions.

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“…The WHO estimated that there are 2 billion alcohol users, 1.3 billion tobacco users, and 185 million illicitdrug users worldwide [2]. Currently, 80% of tobacco users live in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) [3] and also, 80% of tobaccorelated deaths are predicted to occur in LMIC by 2030 [4]. Smoking and alcohol abuse attributable to 20% of tuberculosis (TB) disease worldwide and collectively made India a home of world's 27% of TB patients in 2017 [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Addiction in Bangladesh: “A Consequence of Social Demoralization Rather Than Individual Flaws”

Mohiuddin¹,

Trust²

2019

IJART

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Addiction is a maladaptive pattern of drug abuse including alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco and others that persists despite negative consequences. An article of New England Journal of Medicine says "addiction is a disease of the brain" whereas another leading journal specifies "Genetics contributes significantly to vulnerability to this disorder". Neurological changes observed in long-term substance abusers are nearly identical to those seen in people struggling with obesity, porn aficionados, gamblers, internet "addicts", compulsive shoppers and simply those involved in intense romantic relationships. As with many other brain diseases, addiction has embedded behavioral and social-context aspects that are important parts of the disorder itself. An increased incidence of addiction is clearly a reflection of social demoralization. In countries like Bangladesh, people are easily demoralized because of social or peer influence. And widespread corruption, creating severe social injustices, various types of criminal activities is very common here. Issues of moral value declines in common people are expressed in many literatures. Frustration, unemployment, lack of recreation facilities and bad companionship are the epic reasons of drug addiction among youth in this country.

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Effects of Prices on Youth Cigarette Smoking and Tobacco Use Initiation in Ghana and Nigeria

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

The effects of tobacco taxation and pricing on the prevalence of smoking in Africa

The effects of tobacco taxation and pricing on the prevalence of smoking in Africa

Prevalence and Predictors of Smoking among Gambian Men: A Cross-Sectional National WHO STEP Survey

Drug Addiction in Bangladesh: “A Consequence of Social Demoralization Rather Than Individual Flaws”

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