Effects of Previous Infection and Vaccination on Symptomatic Omicron Infections

Altarawneh, Heba N.; Chemaitelly, Hiam; Ayoub, Houssein H.; Tang, Patrick; Hasan, Mohammad Rubayet; Yassine, Hadi M.; Al-Khatib, Hebah A.; Smatti, Maria K.; Coyle, Peter; Al‐Kanaani, Zaina; Kuwari, Einas Al; Jeremijenko, Andrew; Kaleeckal, Anvar Hassan; Latif, Ali Nizar; Shaik, Riyazuddin Mohammad; Abdul-Rahim, Hanan F; Nasrallah, Gheyath K.; Al‐Kuwari, Mohamed Ghaith; Butt, Adeel A.; Al-Romaihi, Hamad Eid; Al-Thani, Mohamed H.; Al‐Khal, Abdullatif; Bertollini, Roberto; Abu‐Raddad, Laith J.

doi:10.1056/nejmoa2203965

Cited by 408 publications

(455 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…While CD4 and CD8 T cell responses do not seem to be substantially impacted by variant substitutions 3 , neutralizing capacity and some Fc-mediated functionality of antibodies induced by the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 variant (WA1) are significantly reduced against later variants 4, 5 . Despite this, first generation vaccines based on the WA1 sequence continue to provide protection from severe disease and death 6 even against antigenically distant variants such as Delta (PANGO lineage B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529). The mechanism of this cross-protection is not fully understood at the molecular level, even though the humoral response to the ancestral virus has been well characterized 7, 8, 9, 10 .…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants elicits convergent epitope specificities, immunoglobulin V gene usage and public B cell clones

Lima

Mukhamedova

Johnston

et al. 2022

Preprint

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While humoral immune responses to infection or vaccination with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 have been well-characterized, responses elicited by infection with variants are less understood. Here we characterized the repertoire, epitope specificity, and cross-reactivity of antibodies elicited by Beta and Gamma variant infection compared to ancestral virus. We developed a high-throughput approach to obtain single-cell immunoglobulin sequences and isolate monoclonal antibodies for functional assessment. Spike-, RBD- and NTD-specific antibodies elicited by Beta- or Gamma-infection exhibited a remarkably similar hierarchy of epitope immunodominance for RBD and convergent V gene usage when compared to ancestral virus infection. Additionally, similar public B cell clones were elicited regardless of infecting variant. These convergent responses may account for the broad cross-reactivity and continued efficacy of vaccines based on a single ancestral variant.

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Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants elicits convergent epitope specificities, immunoglobulin V gene usage and public B cell clones

Lima

Mukhamedova

Johnston

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…However, unlike in dengue, where infection with a different DENV serotype is a risk factor for severe disease, possibly due to ADE, this has not been seen with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although there are several different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, and many individuals have been infected with a different variant than the one that cause the initial infection, this has not shown to predispose to severe clinical disease [ 4 ]. In fact, immune responses generated by natural infection were shown to be longer lasting that those induced by vaccination, and prior natural infection was shown to protect against development of severe clinical disease [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dengue and COVID-19: two sides of the same coin

2022

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Background Many countries in Asia and Latin America are currently facing a double burden of outbreaks due to dengue and COVID-19. Here we discuss the similarities and differences between the two infections so that lessons learnt so far from studying both infections will be helpful in further understanding their immunopathogenesis and to develop therapeutic interventions. Main body Although the entry routes of the SARS-CoV-2 and the dengue virus (DENV) are different, both infections result in a systemic infection, with some similar clinical presentations such as fever, headache, myalgia and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, while dengue is usually associated with a tendency to bleed, development of micro and macrothrombi is a hallmark of severe COVID-19. Apart from the initial similarities in the clinical presentation, there are further similarities between such as risk factors for development of severe illness, cytokine storms, endothelial dysfunction and multi-organ failure. Both infections are characterised by a delayed and impaired type I IFN response and a proinflammatory immune response. Furthermore, while high levels of potent neutralising antibodies are associated with protection, poorly neutralising and cross-reactive antibodies have been proposed to lead to immunopathology by different mechanisms, associated with an exaggerated plasmablast response. The virus specific T cell responses are also shown to be delayed in those who develop severe illness, while varying degrees of endothelial dysfunction leads to increased vascular permeability and coagulation abnormalities. Conclusion While there are many similarities between dengue and SARS-CoV-2 infection, there are also key differences especially in long-term disease sequelae. Therefore, it would be important to study the parallels between the immunopathogenesis of both infections for development of more effective vaccines and therapeutic interventions.

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“…Fortunately, evidence from the scientific community showed that the above-mentioned increase in transmissibility did not generally coincide with an increase in the severity and fatality of the disease, especially among vaccinated subjects [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Immunological Evasion of the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Retrospective Study on the Veneto Region’s Population

Cocchio

Zabeo

Facchin

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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In December 2021–January 2022 the Veneto region in Italy faced an unprecedented wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections, even though both the vaccine coverage and the number of previously infected individuals keep increasing. In this study we address the protection against the SARS-CoV-2 infection offered by natural immunity and a three-dose regimen through a retrospective study based on Veneto’s regional databases. In particular, we compared these protection levels during two distinct periods respectively representative of the Delta (B.1.617.2) and the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants, in order to investigate and quantify the immunological evasion, especially of the Omicron. For each period we compared the incidence rate of infection among the population with various immunological protections against SARS-CoV-2 and performed a multivariable proportional hazard Cox binomial regression to assess the effectiveness afforded by both forms of active immunization. We found out that a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (irrespective of its timing) offers 85% (83–87%) and 36% (33–39%) protection against being reinfected by Delta and Omicron, respectively. In addition, we estimated the third dose to be more effective in both periods and to have a minor proportional loss of effectiveness due to the rise of the Omicron variant, with an afforded effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron infection of 97% (96–97%) and 47% (45–48%), respectively. Our findings suggest that viral variant factors may affect any form of active immunization but that receiving a booster vaccination cycle is more effective and less variable than natural immunity in terms of afforded protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections.

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Effects of Previous Infection and Vaccination on Symptomatic Omicron Infections

Cited by 408 publications

References 35 publications

Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants elicits convergent epitope specificities, immunoglobulin V gene usage and public B cell clones

Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants elicits convergent epitope specificities, immunoglobulin V gene usage and public B cell clones

Dengue and COVID-19: two sides of the same coin

Differences in Immunological Evasion of the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Retrospective Study on the Veneto Region’s Population

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