Effects of Precipitation on the Upper-Ocean Response to a Hurricane

Jacob, Samuel; Koblinsky, C. J.

doi:10.1175/mwr3366.1

Cited by 39 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Finally, we assume that the mixed layer is perfectly homogenous, and results would probably be slightly different using a more elaborate mixing scheme (Jacob and Koblinsky 2007). The issue is that such a scheme would require an accurate description of the wind field for each TC, and directly deriving the influence of rainfall from the observed SST is a major strength of our approach.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Physical Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More than 80% of the TCinduced cooling is due to mixing under slow and/or strong cyclones (e.g., Jacob et al 2000;D'Asaro et al 2007;Price 1981;Greatbatch 1983;Vincent et al 2012a), so this is a reasonable assumption at first order. The consequence of such an assumption is that the total heat content of the system formed by the ocean column and the rainfall is conserved.…”

Section: A Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such microwave SST estimates are relatively insensitive to cloud coverage, but do not provide reliable estimates under rainfall (Wentz et al 2000). They do, however, provide an estimate of the cold wake, which reaches its full amplitude two or three inertial periods (2-4 days) after the TC passage (e.g., Shay et al 1992;Jacob et al 2000;Jullien et al 2012;Vincent et al 2012a;Levy et al 2012), when satellite observations are much less affected by rain. The TC-induced SST cooling DSST is extracted from TMI-AMSRE after removal of the seasonal cycle.…”

Section: A Cyclone Tracksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In situ observations of individual TCs (e.g., Jacob et al 2000;D'Asaro et al 2007) or numerical case studies (e.g., Price 1981;Greatbatch 1983) suggest that vertical mixing associated with the intense TC wind forcing is responsible for 70%-85% of the SST cooling. This vertical mixing largely results from the intense vertical shear related to the strong inertial currents driven by TCs (Price 1983;Greatbatch 1984;D'Asaro 1985;Shay et al 1989;Price et al 1994;D'Asaro et al 1995;Crawford and Large 1996;Tsai et al 2008;Samson et al 2009;Jullien et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rain positive buoyancy flux can also affect static stability of the upper ocean, with the ability to modulate vertical mixing. To our knowledge, only Jacob and Koblinsky (2007) have investigated these effects in a case study, using a highresolution ocean model forced by observed winds from hurricane Gilbert in the Gulf of Mexico. They have found that the stabilizing effect of rain can weaken the cold wake by 0.2 to 0.5 K locally but that the associated sensible flux only marginally influences the amplitude of the TC-induced cooling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Observation-Based Estimates of Surface Cooling Inhibition by Heavy Rainfall under Tropical Cyclones

Jourdain

Lengaigne

Vialard

et al. 2013

Journal of Physical Oceanography

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Tropical cyclones drive intense ocean vertical mixing that explains most of the surface cooling observed in their wake (the ''cold wake''). In this paper, the authors investigate the influence of cyclonic rainfall on the cold wake at a global scale over the 2002-09 period. For each cyclone, the cold wake intensity and accumulated rainfall are obtained from satellite data and precyclone oceanic stratification from the Global EddyPermitting Ocean Reanalysis (GLORYS2). The impact of precipitation on the cold wake is estimated by assuming that cooling is entirely due to vertical mixing and that an extra amount of energy (corresponding to the energy used to mix the rain layer into the ocean) would be available for mixing the ocean column in the hypothetical case with no rain. The positive buoyancy flux of rainfall reduces the mixed layer depth after the cyclone passage, hence reducing cold water entrainment. The resulting reduction in cold wake amplitude is generally small (median of 0.07 K for a median 1 K cold wake) but not negligible (.19% for 10% of the cases). Despite similar cyclonic rainfall, the effect of rain on the cold wake is strongest in the Arabian Sea and weak in the Bay of Bengal. An analytical approach with a linearly stratified ocean allows attributing this difference to the presence of barrier layers in the Bay of Bengal. The authors also show that the cold wake is generally a ''salty wake'' because entrainment of subsurface saltier water overwhelms the dilution effect of rainfall. Finally, rainfall temperature has a negligible influence on the cold wake.

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Section: Discussion Of the Physical Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Cyclone Tracksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Observation-Based Estimates of Surface Cooling Inhibition by Heavy Rainfall under Tropical Cyclones

Jourdain

Lengaigne

Vialard

et al. 2013

Journal of Physical Oceanography

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The Bay of Bengal upper‐ocean response to tropical cyclone forcing during 1999

Wang

Han

2014

JGR Oceans

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[1] The regional upper-ocean dynamical and thermodynamical responses to two consecutive, strong tropical cyclones (TCs)-04B (15-19 October) and 05B (25 October to 3 November) in 1999 (hereafter, TC1 and TC2) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the associated oceanic processes are investigated using an eddy-permitting Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model. The TC winds induce positive sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) along the northern BoB coastline and Andaman Sea due to onshore convergence, and negative SSHA along the TC tracks due to Ekman divergence, which in turn induce geostrophic flow. The TC-associated radiation and precipitation have negligible effects on the northwestern BoB top 30 m averaged temperature (T 0-30 m ), while the strong TC winds significantly enhance turbulent heat flux causing T 0-30 m decrease. Due to the existence of the barrier layer and subsurface warm advection in the northwestern BoB, vertical mixing may induce near-surface warming by entraining warm water from below. As a result, the proportion of the T 0-30 m cooling caused by turbulent heat flux is likely elevated in the 6 3 6 footprints of the TCs. Both TC wind-induced vertical mixing and upwelling significantly cool T 0-30 m in TC1's wake, while upwelling dominates the maximum cooling region in TC2's wake, likely due to the preceding deepening of the mixed layer by TC1. The near-surface cooling for both TCs has rightward bias because of the higher winds and the resonant response on the right, and Ekman divergence extends the cooling areas outward. TC1 and TC2's sizes and prestorm oceanic conditions are found to be the most influential factors for near-surface cooling.

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Targeted ocean sampling guidance for tropical cyclones

et al. 2017

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A 3‐D variational ocean data assimilation adjoint approach is used to examine the impact of ocean observations on coupled tropical cyclone (TC) model forecast error for three recent hurricanes: Isaac (2012), Hilda (2015), and Matthew (2016). In addition, this methodology is applied to develop an innovative ocean observation targeting tool validated using TC model simulations that assimilate ocean temperature observed by Airborne eXpendable Bathy Thermographs and Air‐Launched Autonomous Micro‐Observer floats. Comparison between the simulated targeted and real observation data assimilation impacts reveals a positive maximum mean linear correlation of 0.53 at 400–500 m, which implies some skill in the targeting application. Targeted ocean observation regions from these three hurricanes, however, show that the largest positive impacts in reducing the TC model forecast errors are sensitive to the initial prestorm ocean conditions such as the location and magnitude of preexisting ocean eddies, storm‐induced ocean cold wake, and model track errors.

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Effects of Precipitation on the Upper-Ocean Response to a Hurricane

Cited by 39 publications

References 25 publications

Observation-Based Estimates of Surface Cooling Inhibition by Heavy Rainfall under Tropical Cyclones

Observation-Based Estimates of Surface Cooling Inhibition by Heavy Rainfall under Tropical Cyclones

The Bay of Bengal upper‐ocean response to tropical cyclone forcing during 1999

Targeted ocean sampling guidance for tropical cyclones

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