Effects of postprandial starvation on mRNA expression of endocrine-, amino acid and peptide transporter-, and metabolic enzyme-related genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Abstract

The goal of this study was to systematically evaluate the molecular activities of endocrine-, amino acid and peptide transporters-, and metabolic enzyme-related genes in 35-day-old mixed-sex zebrafish (Danio rerio) after feeding . Zebrafish with initial body weights ranging from 9 to 11 mg were fasted for 384 h in a controlled indoor environment. Fish were sampled at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, and 384 h after fed. Overall, the present study results show that the regulatory mechanism that insulin-like growth factor I negative feedback regulated growth hormone is conserved in zebrafish, as it is in mammals, but that regulation of growth hormone receptors is highly intricate. Leptin and cholecystokinin are time-dependent negative feedback signals, and neuropeptide Y may be an important positive neuropeptide for food intake in zebrafish. The amino acid/carnitine transporters B(0,+) (ATB(0,+)) and broad neutral (0) amino acid transporter 1(B(0)AT1) mRNA levels measured in our study suggest that protein may be utilized during 24-96 h of fasting in zebrafish. Glutamine synthetase mRNA levels were downregulated, and glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and trypsin mRNA levels were upregulated after longtime fasting in this study. The mRNA expression levels of fatty acid synthetase decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas those of lipoprotein lipase rapidly increased after 96 h of fasting. Fasting activated the expression of glucose synthesis genes when fasting for short periods of time; when fasting is prolonged, the mRNA levels of glucose breakdown enzymes and pentose phosphate shunt genes decreased.

Comparison of gene expression patterns of key growth genes between different rate growths in zebrafish (Danio rerio) siblings

“…However, the mean of gh mRNA levels was slightly higher in smaller larvae than in large larvae, this trend conforms to the expectations associated with the poor nutritional status (Wood et al, 2005;Norbeck et al, 2007;Savage, 2013). Conversely, was observed uniformity in igf-1 mRNA levels between the larvae groups, in contrast to the most fasting reports in different fish species (Wood et al, 2005;Norbeck et al, 2007;Peterson & Waldbieser, 2009;Reinecke, 2010;Kawaguchi et al, 2013;Tian et al, 2015;Taniyama et al, 2016). However, Wen-Ying et al (2012) in Carassius auratus gibelio, Breves et al (2014) and Fox et al (2010) in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), and Hevrøy et al (2011) in Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) only observed significant differences at the protein le- Figure 4.…”

“…The cck mRNA levels decrease by fasting in different fish species (Murashita et al, 2006;Feng et al, 2012;Ji et al, 2015), conversely ghrelin increase mRNA levels by fasting (Amole & Unniappan, 2009;Zhou & Xue, 2009;Tian et al, 2015;Volkoff, 2015;Blanco et al, 2016). These gene expression modulations were not observed in our results.…”

“…In channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) by increasing feeding levels, ghr mRNA levels did not change significantly between the groups (Peterson et al, 2008). However in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) the fasting reduce ghr the mRNA levels (Walock et al, 2014); conversely fasting increase ghra and ghrb mRNA levels in zebrafish (Danio rerio) (Tian et al, 2015). Regard to igf-1r mRNA levels the fish studies also have been showed variable results.…”

The Neuroendocrine Regulation of Food Intake in Fish: A Review of Current Knowledge

“…The first direct evidence of the actions of CCK on feeding was provided by injections in goldfish (Himick and Peter, 1994), followed by cloning of goldfish CCK cDNA (Peyon et al, 1998) and the demonstration of periprandial variations in CCK mRNA expression levels (Peyon et al, 1999). Subsequently, a number of studies have characterized CCK in several fish, including other Cypriniformes (e.g., common carp Zhong et al, 2013; zebrafish Koven and Schulte, 2012; Tian et al, 2015; grass carp; blunt snout bream Ping et al, 2013; Ji et al, 2015), Characiformes (e.g., cavefish Wall and Volkoff, 2013, dourado Pereira et al, 2015; Volkoff et al, 2016, thin dogfish Oligosarcus hepsetus Vieira-Lopes et al, 2013, pirapitinga Volkoff, 2015a, red-bellied piranha Volkoff, 2014a, pacu Volkoff et al, 2017), Salmoniformes (e.g., Atlantic salmon Valen et al, 2011), Gadiformes (Atlantic cod Tillner et al, 2013), Perciformes [e.g., yellowtail (Furutani et al, 2013; Hosomi et al, 2014); Astatotilapia burtoni (Grone et al, 2012); cunner (Babichuk and Volkoff, 2013; Hayes and Volkoff, 2014); sea bass (Tillner et al, 2014); yellow croaker ( Larimichthys crocea ) (Cai et al, 2015); white sea bream, Diplodus sargus (Micale et al, 2012, 2014)], Pleuronectiformes (e.g., winter flounder (MacDonald and Volkoff, 2009a), Atlantic halibut Kamisaka et al, 2001, olive flounder Kurokawa et al, 2000) and Siluriformes (channel catfish Peterson et al, 2012). …”

Integrative Physiology: At the Crossroads of Nutrition, Microbiota, Animal Physiology, and Human Health

“…Studies in adult zebrafish have identified tissue-specific responses to starvation (Drew et al, 2008; Tian et al, 2015) and feeding (Seiliez et al, 2013), and the impact of diet composition on growth, metabolism, inflammation, and behavior (O’Brine et al, 2015; Powell et al, 2015; Smith et al, 2013a). Interestingly, adult phenotypes can also be influenced by nutritional exposures during earlier larval stages (Perera and Yufera, 2016; Rocha et al, 2015).…”