Effects of Population Density on Growth, Behavior and Levels of Biogenic Amines in the Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus

Iba, Michiyo; Nagao, Takashi; Urano, Akihisa

doi:10.2108/zsj.12.695

Cited by 57 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…We have shown that crickets deprived of sensory inputs from the opponent fight more aggressively ( [4]; see [28] for a similar effect in crayfish) and social isolation is a prerequisite for aggressive behaviour to become overt (cf. [29]). However, although octopamine reduces some effects of social deprivation in carpenter ants [30], isolation is accompanied by a reduction in octopamine levels in crickets [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Octopamine and occupancy: an aminergic mechanism for intruder–resident aggression in crickets

2010

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Aggression is a behavioural strategy for securing resources (food, mates and territory) and its expression is strongly influenced by their presence and value. While it is known that resource holders are generally highly aggressive towards intruding consexuals and usually defeat them, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are not known. In a novel intruder -resident paradigm for field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus), we show that otherwise submissive losers of a preceding aggressive encounter readily fight and often defeat aggressive winners after occupying an artificial shelter. This aggression enhancing effect first became evident after 2 min residency, and was maximal after 15 min, but absent 15 min after shelter removal. The residency effect was abolished following non-selective depletion of biogenic amines from the central nervous system using reserpine, or semi-selective depletion of octopamine and dopamine using a-methyl-tyrosine, but not following serotonin depletion using a-methyl-tryptophan. The residency effect was also abolished by the treatment with phentolamine, an a-adrenergic receptor antagonist, or epinastine, a highly selective octopamine receptor blocker, but not by propranolol, a ß-adrenergic receptor antagonist, or by yohimbine, an insect tyramine receptor blocker. We conclude that crickets evaluate residency as a rewarding experience that promotes aggressive motivation via a mechanism involving octopamine, the invertebrate analogue of noradrenaline.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Octopamine and occupancy: an aminergic mechanism for intruder–resident aggression in crickets

2010

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“…All of these experiences are accompanied by increased octopamine hemolymph levels (Davenport and Evans, 1984;Iba et al, 1995). However, not all activities modify aggressiveness.…”

Section: Functional Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Octopamine and Experience-Dependent Modulation of Aggression in Crickets

Stevenson¹,

Dyakonova²,

Rillich³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

213

201

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Intraspecific aggression is influenced in numerous animal groups by the previous behavioral experiences of the competitors. The underlying mechanisms are, however, mostly obscure. We present evidence that a form of experience-dependent plasticity of aggression in crickets is mediated by octopamine, the invertebrate counterpart of noradrenaline. In a forced-fight paradigm, the experience of flying maximized the aggressiveness of crickets at their first encounter and accelerated the subsequent recovery of aggressiveness of the normally submissive losers, without enhancing general excitability as evaluated from the animals' startle responses to wind stimulation. This effect is transitory and concurrent with the activation of the octopaminergic system that accompanies flight. Hemocoel injections of the octopamine agonist chlordimeform (CDM) had similar effects on aggression but also enhanced startle responses. Serotonin depletion, achieved using ␣-methyl-tryptophan, enhanced startle responses without influencing aggression, indicating that the effect of CDM on aggression is not attributable to increased general excitation. Contrasting this, aggressiveness was depressed, and the effect of flying was essentially abolished, in crickets depleted of octopamine and dopamine using ␣-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT). CDM restored aggressiveness in AMT-treated crickets, indicating that their depressed aggressiveness is attributable to octopamine depletion rather than to dopamine depletion or nonspecific defects. Finally, the flight effect was blocked in crickets treated with the octopamine receptor antagonist epinastine, or with the ␣-adrenoceptor and octopamine receptor antagonist phentolamine, but not with the ␤-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. The idea that activity-specific induction of the octopaminergic system underlies other forms of experiencedependent plasticity of aggressive motivation in insects is discussed.

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“…Previous studies have already shown developmental effects on mean behavioral levels such as social interactions (Iba et al, 1995;Arnold and Taborsky, 2010;Ballen et al, 2014;Liebgold, 2014), motor activity (Carducci and Jakob, 2000;Buchsbaum and Morse, 2012), or parental care (Margulis et al, 2005;Branchi et al, 2006). More studies are now desirable that investigate whether behavioral differences induced by developmental effects are consistent and stable, i.e., whether environmental conditions experienced influence animal personalities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Environmental Conditions Shape Personality Types in a Jumping Spider

et al. 2015

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Individuals of many species across the animal kingdom are found to be less plastic than expected, even in behavioral traits. The existence of consistent behavioral differences between individuals, termed "personality differences", is puzzling, since plastic behavior is considered ideal to enable animals to adaptively respond to changes in environmental conditions. In order to elucidate which mechanisms are important for the evolution of personality differences, it is crucial to understand which aspects of the environment are important for the development of personality differences. Here, we tested whether physical or social aspects of the environment during development influence individual differentiation (mean level of behavior) using the jumping spider Marpissa muscosa. Furthermore, we assessed whether those behaviors were repeatable, i.e. whether personalities existed. We applied a split-brood design and raised spider siblings in three different environments: a deprived environment with no enrichment, a socially and a physically enriched environment. We focused on exploratory behavior and repeatedly assessed individual behavior in a novel environment and a novel object test. Results show that the environment during development influenced spiders' exploratory tendencies: spiders raised in enriched environments tended to be more exploratory. Most investigated behaviors were repeatable (i.e., personalities existed) across all individuals tested, whereas only few behaviors were also repeatable across individuals that had experienced the same environmental condition. Taken together, our results indicate that external stimuli can influence the development of one aspect of personality, the inter-individual variation (mean level of behavior), in a jumping spider. We also found family by environment interactions on behavioral traits potentially suggesting genetic variation in developmental plasticity.

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Effects of Population Density on Growth, Behavior and Levels of Biogenic Amines in the Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus

Cited by 57 publications

References 15 publications

Octopamine and occupancy: an aminergic mechanism for intruder–resident aggression in crickets

Octopamine and occupancy: an aminergic mechanism for intruder–resident aggression in crickets

Octopamine and Experience-Dependent Modulation of Aggression in Crickets

Early Environmental Conditions Shape Personality Types in a Jumping Spider

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