Effects of Pollution on Fish

Abstract

For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xviii Contents xi 7.4 The evolution of tolerance 7.4.1 Intrapopulation diversity 7.4.2 Interpopulation differentiation 7.4.3 The speed of adaptation 7.4.4 The costs of adaptation 7.4.5 The identification of tolerance genes 7.5 References 8 From Population Ecology to Socio-Economic and Human Health Issues 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Aims and objectives 8.1.2 The bio-socio-economic model 8.2 The fish sector of the European Union 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) 8.2.3 The crisis in EU fisheries: interdependence or independence in relation to xenobiotic influences? 8.3 The quality of individual fish (intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics), scarcity and its effects on consumer health and behaviour 8.3.1 Intrinsic quality in fish 8.3.2 Extrinsic quality in fish 8.3.3 The fish trade and quality 8.4 Xenobiotic influences on fish quality 8.4.1 Ciguatoxin and red tides 8.4.2 Organochlorine pesticides 8.4.3 Heavy metals 8.4.4 The effects of hydrocarbons 8.5 Case studies 8.5.1 Oil spills 8.5.1.1 The Exxon Valdez oil spill 8.5.1.2 The Braer oil spill 8.5.1.3 The Sea Empress oil spill 8.5.2 Claims and compensations 8.6 Conclusions 8.7 References 9 The Role of Modelling in Fish and Fishery Ecotoxicology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Summary of the effects of pollution on fish 9.2.1 Cellular and molecular responses 9.2.2 Damage to DNA 9.2.3 Physiological responses xii Contents 9.2.4 Immune system responses 9.2.5 Reproductive system responses 9.2.6 Population responses 9.2.7 Population genetic responses 9.2.8 Socio-economic response 9.3 The role of modelling of pollution impacts on fish and fisheries 9.3.1 Individual-based models 9.3.2 Population-based models 9.3.3 Ecosystem-based models 9.3.4 New bioeconomic models incorporating sublethal pollution impacts 9.3.5 The validity of modelling 9.4 Gaps in current understanding 9.4.1 Molecular and cellular response and genotoxicity 9.4.2 Molecular and cellular response and physiological processes 9.4.3 Molecular and cellular response and immune effects 9.4.4 Molecular and cellular response and reproduction 9.4.5 Population responses 9.4.6 Population genetic responses 9.4.7 Socio-economic impact 9.

Evidence of Contamination-Associated Damage in Blue Sharks (Prionace Glauca) from the Northeast Atlantic

“…While the pathologies described in the gills of the studied sharks are chronic alterations not specifically related to any particular agent, and could be induced by many different stressors (i.e., exposure to environmental pollutants, infectious processes, seasonal variation, etc. ), a great deal of the ROS, LPO and DNA damage occurring in the gills is likely derived from their functions in gas exchanges and the absorption/excretion of contaminants (Ellis, 2003). Since the histopathologic analysis indicates that contamination is positively correlated with a protective response in the gills of the sampled sharks, which can result in reduced gas exchanges and reduced absorption and excretion of substances (a notion reinforced by the weak negative correlation existing between ROS in the gills and epithelial proliferation in the same tissue (Spearman's test, rho = −0.317, pvalue = 1.369e −2 ), higher concentrations of contamination may lead to less ROS from both respiration and bioaccumulation processes which in turn reduce the oxidative damage to the lipids and DNA in this tissue.…”