Effects of plasticity on subsurface initiated spalling in rolling contact fatigue

Dynamic modelling of wear evolution in rolling bearings

“…Tsushima [60], Liu et al [61], Liu and Choi [62], Donzella and Petrogalli [63] and Leonel and Venturini [64] have defined a number of issues that are required while modelling crack propagation: high stress location, depth below surface and the direction and angle of crack inclination. Therefore, based on these preliminary studies, quite large number of models related to crack propagation have been developed [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]. The developed model assumes that the crack propagation process will continue and the induced stresses will be accumulated until the crack propagation limit is reached.…”

Critical stresses and strains at the spall edge of a case hardened bearing due to ball impact

“…The spall propagation experiments on tapered roller bearings by Hoeprich [19] highlighted the randomness inherent to spall propagation and its unknown governing mechanisms. The effects of material microstructure on spall initiation are well explored by the recent work done by Slack and Sadeghi [20], Alley and Neu [21], and Warhadpande et al [22]. Due to the continuum nature of finite element analysis used in the present analysis, the effects of material microstructure will not be considered here.…”

Effect of non-metallic inclusions on butterfly wing initiation, crack formation, and spall geometry in bearing steels

“…Setting D c-Crack equal to 1.0 can represent a void because it indicates that the stiffness value of the element is zero according to Eq. (2), and zero stiffness corresponds to a microvoid in the material [42,48]. However, finding the D c-Butterfly is more involved as butterflies are mainly ultrafine ferrite grains [19] and not microvoids.…”

“…This phenomenon is assumed to be final failure and the total number of cycles for this to happen is recorded as fatigue failure life. The crack propagation is assumed to be intergranular similar to [41,42,50]. In this assumption, the grain boundaries are considered to be the weak planes of the materials.…”