Effects of plantago species herbage and silage on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbiome

Comparison of forages’ digestion levels for different in vitro digestion techniques in horses

“…The molarities of AA, PA and BA for three different digestion techniques applied in horses in the current study were similar to the results of previous studies (Ersahince & Kara, 2017 ). The positive correlation between the levels of the in vitro T‐DMD, T‐OMD and T‐NDFD of forage and the concentrations of AA and PA in the digestion fluid in the present study was consistent with the results of previous studies (Ersahince & Kara, 2017 ; Kara et al., 2022 ). However, the lack of a correlation between the concentration of BSCFA in the digestion fluid and the levels of the in vitro T‐DMD and T‐NDFD of forage in the present study was thought to be related to the fact that iso‐acids are primarily associated with protein breakdown, and the CP value of forage is not very high.…”

“…It seems that starting directly with colon fermentation for fibre digestion in horses may be wrong, according to the results of the present study. In the present study, the highest in vitro digestion levels other researched forages (Ersahince & Kara, 2017;Kara, Güçlü, et al, 2022;Kara, 2022;Kara, Yılmaz, et al, 2022).…”

“…The difference between the in vitro digestion results of the techniques also created differences in the forage types. The alfalfa herbage reached the highest values in horses with approximately 71% of in vitro T‐OMD, 66% of in vitro T‐DMD and 42% of in vitro T‐NDFD levels in horses with the in vitro TDT, which was related to its lower ADF level and higher NSC value than the other researched forages (Ersahince & Kara, 2017 ; Kara, Güçlü, et al., 2022 ; Kara, 2022 ; Kara, Yılmaz, et al., 2022 ).…”

In vitro ruminal fermentation, core nutrient, fatty acids and mineral matter of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) herbage at different phenological stages

“…The authors concluded that peppermint had great potential as a natural manipulator of rumen fermentation of beef cattle by depressing ammonia‐nitrogen concentration or numbers of protozoa (Ando et al., 2003 ). Although there was no difference in the concentrations of iso‐acid (such as iso‐butyric, iso‐valeric and iso‐caproic acids), which are a by‐product of ruminal protein catabolism, for the three phenological stages, the ruminal ammonia‐nitrogen concentration in the seed bulking stage was lower than in other stages can be related to the decreased ruminal protein catabolism due to the increase in the fiber‐nitrogen complex ratio or TCT in this stage (Kara et al, 2022a ; Kara, 2019 ). A previous study reported that increasing additions of mint essential oil, which included 39.98% pulegone and 38.99% α‐pinene, to the total mix ration linearly reduced in vitro ruminal methane production (Rofiq et al., 2021 ).…”

“…This study aims to investigate the in vitro digestion of the pennyroyal plant, the changes in core nutrient and fatty acid compositions at different phenological stages and to use of the pennyroyal plant as an alternative roughage source in ruminant nutrition. Today, when the effect of drought is evident, alternative forage crops that are compatible with arid climatic conditions, suitable for harvesting, remain green throughout the year, and even contain functional compounds should be investigated (Kara et al, 2022 ; Pastorelli et al., 2022 ; Pirasteh‐Anosheh et al., 2021 ). The study hypothesizes that the in vitro digestion and nutrient level of the pennyroyal plant as a forage varies according to the phenological period.…”