Effects of plant species richness on invasion dynamics, disease outbreaks, insect abundances and diversity

Knops, Johannes M. H.; Tilman, David; Haddad, Nick M.; Naeem, Shahid; Mitchell, Charles E.; Haarstad, John; Ritchie, Mark E.; Howe, Katherine M.; Reich, Peter B.; Siemann, Evan; Groth, J. V.

doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.00083.x

Cited by 753 publications

(732 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Spatial scales can also affect invaders through competition, predation, and pathogen and disease resistance (Kenney et al, 2002;Davies et al, 2010). Most experimental studies, which are necessarily conducted on small scales, support the idea that species richness decreases invasion success (Knops et al, 1999;Stachowicz et al, 1999Stachowicz et al, , 2006Levine, 2000;Kenney et al, 2002). However, there is also convincing evidence that the relationship between the diversity of native and invading species is positive when measured on large spatial scales (Stohlgren et al, 1999;Levine et al, 1999;Levine, 2000;Richardson et al, 2005;Davies et al, 2005Davies et al, , 2010.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies that support this idea are observational studies, and most have investigated the relationship between populations of exotic fish and native diversity (Stohlgren et al, 1999;Levine et al, 1999;Levine, 2000;Davies et al, 2005Davies et al, , 2010. Furthermore, most studies supporting biodiversity resistance have examined the relationship between exotic biomass and native diversity (Knops et al, 1999;Stachowicz et al, 1999Stachowicz et al, , 2002Stachowicz et al, , 2006Levine, 2000;Kenney et al, 2002). However, previous studies have focused on how native communities have affected the successful establishment of invaders rather than how native communities have affected the persistence of invaders after their establishment (Levine et al, 1999;Kimbro et al, 2013), despite the fact that the principles of biodiversity resistance also apply to established invaders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Species diversity defends against the invasion of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Luo

et al. 2014

Knowl. Managt. Aquatic Ecosyst.

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Key-words:Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), biodiversity resistance, biological invasion, species richness, biomass Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most widely cultured species globally and has successfully colonized much of the world. Despite numerous studies of this exotic species, how differences in native communities mitigate the consequences of Nile tilapia invasion is unknown. Theory predicts that communities that are more diverse should be more resistant to exotic species, an effect that is referred to as "biotic resistance", but these effects are spatially dependent and organismspecific. Field surveys and laboratory experiments were conducted to test the theory of "biotic resistance" and ascertain the relationship between native species richness and the invasion of Nile tilapia. In the field, we found that as native species richness increased, the biomass of Nile tilapia was significantly reduced. Consistent with results from the field, our manipulative experiment indicated that the growth of Nile tilapia was negatively related to native species richness. Thus, our study supports the theory of "biotic resistance" and suggests that species biodiversity represents an important defense against the invasion of Nile tilapia. RÉSUMÉLa diversité des espèces protège contre l'invasion du tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus) Le tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus) est l'une des espèces les plus largement élevées à l'échelle mondiale et il a colonisé avec succès la plupart des pays. Malgré de nombreuses études de cette espèce exotique, comment les diffé-rences dans les communautés indigènes influencent les conséquences de l'invasion du tilapia du Nil est une donnée inconnue. La théorie prédit que les communautés qui sont plus variées devraient être plus résistantes aux espèces exotiques, un effet qui est dénommé « résistance au stress biotique », mais ces effets sont spatialement dépendants et propres à chaque organisme. Des études de terrain et des expériences de laboratoire ont été menées afin de tester la théorie de la « résistance au stress biotique » et de détermi-ner la relation entre la richesse des espèces indigènes et l'invasion du tilapia du Nil. Sur le terrain, nous avons constaté que, quand la richesse des espèces indigènes augmente, la biomasse du tilapia du Nil est considéra-blement réduite. Conformément aux résultats sur le terrain, notre expérience de manipulation indique que la croissance du tilapia du Nil est négativement associée à la richesse des espèces indigènes. Ainsi, notre étude confirme la théorie de la « résistance au stress biotique » et suggère que la biodiversité des espèces représente un important moyen de défense contre l'invasion du tilapia du Nil. Mots-clés :

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species diversity defends against the invasion of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Luo

et al. 2014

Knowl. Managt. Aquatic Ecosyst.

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“…We predict that simultaneous planting of functional groups at the beginning of the experiment will allow maximal growth and resource use for all planted functional groups prior to introduction of the invader. This establishment and occupation of niche space in turn increases resistance to invasion (Knops et al 1999;Dukes 2001). In contrast, deferred functional groups in the staggered plantings will have reduced time to establish prior to the invasion event and resource acquisition may be incomplete compared with simultaneous initial plantings (Kardol et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arrival order among native plant functional groups does not affect invasibility of constructed dune communities

2013

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Different arrival order scenarios of native functional groups to a site may influence both resource use during development and final community structure. Arrival order may then indirectly influence community resistance to invasion. We present a mesocosm experiment of constructed coastal dune communities that monitored biotic and abiotic responses to different arrival orders of native functional groups. Constructed communities were compared with unplanted mesocosms. We then simulated a single invasion event by bitou (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata), a dominant exotic shrub of coastal communities. We evaluated the hypothesis that plantings with simultaneous representation of grass, herb and shrub functional groups at the beginning of the experiment would more completely sequester resources and limit invasion than staggered plantings. Staggered plantings in turn would offer greater resource use and invasion resistance than unplanted mesocosms. Contrary to our expectations, there were few effects of arrival order on abiotic variables for the duration of the experiment and arrival order was unimportant in final community invasibility. All planted mesocosms supported significantly more invader germinants and significantly less invader abundance than unplanted mesocosms. Native functional group plantings may have a nurse effect during the invader germination and establishment phase and a competitive function during the invader juvenile and adult phase. Arrival order per se did not affect resource use and community invasibility in our mesocosm experiment. While grass, herb and shrub functional group plantings will not prevent invasion success in restored communities, they may limit final invader biomass. KeywordsHistorical contingency, priority effect, exotic, community structure, mesocosm AbstractDifferent arrival order scenarios of native functional groups to a site may influence both resource use during development and final community structure. Arrival order may then indirectly influence community resistance to invasion. We present a mesocosm experiment of constructed coastal dune communities that monitored biotic and abiotic responses to different arrival orders of native functional groups. Constructed communities were compared with unplanted mesocosms. We then simulated a single invasion event by bitou (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata), a dominant exotic shrub of coastal communities. We evaluated the hypothesis that plantings with simultaneous representation of grass, herb and shrub functional groups at the beginning of the experiment would more completely sequester resources and limit invasion than staggered plantings. Staggered plantings in turn would offer greater resource use and invasion resistance than unplanted mesocosms.Contrary to our expectations, there were few effects of arrival order on abiotic variables for the duration of the experiment and arrival order was unimportant in final community invasibility. All planted mesocosms supported significantly more invader germina...

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“…However, recent studies have ad-dressed how the diversity of plant species (Hector et al 1999;Hooper and Vitousek 1998;Naeem et al 1994;Tilman et al 1996Tilman et al , 1997, fungal mycorrhizae (Van der Heijden et al 1998), herbivores (McNaughton 1993;Mulder et al 1999), earthworms (Thompson et al 1993) and microbes (McGrady-Steed et al 1997;Naeem and Li 1997) influence ecosystem functioning. Several studies have documented that biodiversity influences productivity (Hector et al 1999;Naeem et al 1996;Symstad et al 1998;Tilman et al 1996), soil nutrient availability (Hooper and Vitousek 1998;Symstad et al 1998;Tilman et al 1996), invasion resistance (Knops et al 1999), system stability (Frank and McNaughton 1991;Tilman and Downing 1994) and reliability (Naeem and Li 1997). In addition to these direct biodiversity effects, plants also have an important "after-life" effect on ecosystem processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiversity and decomposition in experimental grassland ecosystems

2001

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We examined the impact of biodiversity on litter decomposition in an experiment that manipulated plant species richness. Using biomass originating from the experimental species richness gradient and from a species used as a common substrate, we measured rates of decomposition in litterbags in two locations: in situ in the experiment plots and in an adjacent common garden. This allowed us to separate the effects of litter quality and decomposition location on decomposition. We found that plant species richness had a significant, but minor negative effect on the quality (nitrogen concentration) of the biomass. Neither litter type nor location had a consistent effect on the rate of carbon and nitrogen loss over a 1-year period. Thus, the increased productivity and corresponding lower soil available nitrogen levels observed in high diversity plots do not lead to faster litter decomposition or faster nitrogen turnover. This supports the hypothesis that increased productivity corresponding with higher species richness results in increased litter production, higher standing litter pools and a negative feedback on productivity, because of an increased standing nitrogen pool in the litter.

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Effects of plant species richness on invasion dynamics, disease outbreaks, insect abundances and diversity

Cited by 753 publications

References 31 publications

Species diversity defends against the invasion of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Species diversity defends against the invasion of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Arrival order among native plant functional groups does not affect invasibility of constructed dune communities

Biodiversity and decomposition in experimental grassland ecosystems

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