Effects of phase transition temperature and preheating on residual stress in multi-pass &amp; multi-layer laser metal deposition

Fang, Jinxiang; Li, S.B.; Dong, Shiyun; Wang, Y.J.; Huang, Haisong; Jiang, Yun; Liu, B.

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.104

Cited by 72 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The base plate used in the LMDF process was a #45 steel substrate with a similar element composition to M2, which helped prevent the substrate elements from affecting the formed sample . In addition, the substrate was preheated to 400 °C before the experiment began, which decreased the temperature gradient between the sample and the substrate during the forming process, thereby reducing the generation of thermal stress and inhibiting the generation of cracks or fractures . After the sample was formed, electrical discharge machining (EDM) was used to cut the sample into smaller samples of the required sizes for each experiment to facilitate subsequent research.…”

Section: Experiments Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Tantalum on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of M2 High‐Speed Steel Prepared by Laser Additive Manufacturing

Wang

Chen

Zhang

2020

steel research int.

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Herein, M2 high‐speed steel (HSS) samples with different Ta contents are prepared on #45 steel substrates by a laser additive manufacturing process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the samples are systematically studied under five different Ta contents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses show that the microstructures of the samples comprise equiaxed crystals, cellular dendritic structures, and reticular eutectic carbides. The samples are mainly composed of supersaturated martensite, retained austenite, and MxCy‐type carbides. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the samples are greatly affected by Ta alloying. After the M2 HSS is alloyed with 1 and 2 wt% Ta, obvious grain refinement occurs and the amount of retained austenite decreases; as a result of these microscale changes, the microhardness increases by 2.9% and 7.2%, the impact toughness increases by 12.4% and 17.4%, and the wear resistance increases by 75.74% and 25%.

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Section: Experiments Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Tantalum on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of M2 High‐Speed Steel Prepared by Laser Additive Manufacturing

Wang

Chen

Zhang

2020

steel research int.

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“…The solid phase transition of the substrate and the deposited layer is ignored in this paper, but the temperature and stress changes caused by material phase transition at the interface is still a worthy research direction. Fang et al [ 34 ] simulated the phase transition with three deposition layers, but the accurate measurement of phase properties and the computational efficiency are still challenging.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and Mechanical Variation Analysis on Multi-Layer Thin Wall during Continuous Laser Deposition, Continuous Pulsed Laser Deposition, and Interval Pulsed Laser Deposition

Kong

Liang

et al. 2022

Materials

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Direct laser deposition (DLD) is widely used in precision manufacturing, but the process parameters (e.g., laser power, scanning patterns) easily lead to changes in dimensional accuracy and structural properties. Many methods have been proposed to analyze the principle of distortion and residual stress generation, but it is difficult to evaluate the involvement of temperature and stress in the process of rapid melting and solidification. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model is established based on thermal–mechanical relationships in multilayer DLD. Differences in temperature and residual stress between continuous laser deposition (CLD) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) are compared with the numerical model. To validate the relationship, the temperature and residual stress values obtained by numerical simulation are compared with the values obtained by the HIOKI-LR8431 temperature logger and the Pulstec μ-X360s X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument. The results indicate that the temperature and residual stress of the deposition part can be evaluated by the proposed simulation model. The proposed PLD process, which includes continuous pulsed laser deposition (CPLD) and interval pulsed laser deposition (IPLD), were found more effective to improve the homogeneity of temperature and residual stress than the CLD process. This study is expected to be useful in the distortion control and microstructure consistency of multilayer deposited parts.

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“…All four cases confirmed the positive effect of preheating on reducing and smoothing residual thermal stresses. Even so, on one hand, the experimental study of Fang et al 38 showed that preheating to temperatures beyond 600°C would be either impractical or unjustifiably expensive, and on the other hand, Roy et al 10 determined that preheating to temperatures below 400°C is insufficient to achieve the desired properties. Thus, preheating to 600°C would be the most optimum and realistic preheating approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite element investigation of residual stresses during laser powder deposition process as an innovative technique to repair worn rails

Mortazavian

Wang

Teng

2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F:

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In recent years, a great deal of effort has been made to use laser powder deposition (LPD) as a novel way of repairing damaged metal components. Minimizing the residual stress in the LPD process to prevent premature failure and delamination is very important, so the proper deposition material and technique must be used. This paper studies the use of the LPD process to repair a standard U.S. light rail by building up multiple deposition layers onto the worn railhead. The investigation of the rail repair process was performed through the systematic finite element modeling of the multi-layer LPD process using the element birth-and-kill technique. In this technique, the effects of the type of deposition material and the preheating temperature on the magnitude and distribution of the residual stresses were studied. The candidate deposition steels included 304L stainless steel, 410L stainless steel, Stellite 6, and Stellite 21, each one of which was explored separately. To analyze the effect of preheating, various temperatures, that is, 25°C, 400°C, 600°C, 800°C, and 900°C, were set as the initial temperatures of the railhead. Ultimately, it was shown that preheating has a significant effect in minimizing the residual stresses. It was found that each increase in the preheating temperature resulted in an overall decrease of the residual stresses by 25%–30%. In addition, Stellite 21 was identified as the most promising deposition steel in terms of giving the least risk of failure and delamination.

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Effects of phase transition temperature and preheating on residual stress in multi-pass & multi-layer laser metal deposition

Cited by 72 publications

References 42 publications

Effect of Tantalum on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of M2 High‐Speed Steel Prepared by Laser Additive Manufacturing

Effect of Tantalum on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of M2 High‐Speed Steel Prepared by Laser Additive Manufacturing

Thermal and Mechanical Variation Analysis on Multi-Layer Thin Wall during Continuous Laser Deposition, Continuous Pulsed Laser Deposition, and Interval Pulsed Laser Deposition

Finite element investigation of residual stresses during laser powder deposition process as an innovative technique to repair worn rails

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