Effects of pharmacist-led interventions on glycaemic control, adherence, disease management and health-related quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes: a protocol for a network meta-analysis

Abstract

IntroductionThe increase in the number of patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is in need of effective management interventions. However, research to date has been limited to the evaluation of the outcomes of community pharmacists alone. Therefore, the aim of the study protocol is to compare the effects of clinical pharmacist-led intervention strategies for the management of T2DM in the outpatient settings.Method and analysisThe study will collect and analyse data applying standard Cochrane methodological procedures. A search for eligible studies and ongoing trials will be conducted using PubMed, Embase, Medline (via Ovid), EBSCO (via Ovid), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW) Journals (via Ovid), ProQuest Health and Medical Complete, and ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov) from database inception to December 2023. Clinical and health outcomes will be measured using both glycaemic control related indicators (eg, glycated haemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose) and general indicators (eg, adherence, disease management and health-related quality of life). The meta-analysis will conduct pairwise meta-analysis using random effects models and network meta-analysis (NMA) employing the Bayesian hierarchical model. The visualisation and statistical analysis will be carried out using RevMan, R Studio and ADDIS. Additionally, we will evaluate the certainty of the evidence by using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.Ethics and disseminationThere will be no primary data collection from NMA participants, and there is no requirement for formal ethical review. Our aim is to present the results of this NMA in a peer-reviewed scientific journal, at conferences, and in the mainstream media.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022355368.

The effect of educational intervention based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model on self-care behaviors and quality of life of hypertensive patients

“…Since lifestyle modification plays a substantial role in quality of life, education centered on PRECEDE-PROCEED will ultimately result in adjusting the lifestyle of hypertensive patients and lowering their blood pressure, which can lead to an improvement in their health conditions. This finding is in line with the results of the study by Weng et al, with the aim of educational intervention on quality of life ( 53 ).…”