Effects of pH control by acid addition at the aqueous processing of cathodes for lithium ion batteries

Bauer, Werner; Çetinel, Fatih A.; Müller, Marcus; Kaufmann, U.

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.141

Cited by 68 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Moreover, this improvement can be also clearly seen with waterbased electrodes with a higher mass loading, where electrode cracking caused by hydrogen evolution is known to be a major issue ( Figure S5). [45] To fully compensate for the aluminum corrosion, a number of strategies present in the literature such as the addition of acids [14,46] or amphoteric oxidic additives, [47] CO 2 gas treatment, [8,9] and the use of carbon-coated aluminum foil [13] can be applied for further optimization. However, it should be noted that these approaches mitigate the consequences of water contact with the cathode material but do not prevent the origin of the problem from the beginning as is at least partially possible with a surface coating.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1,4,5] Despite the advantages, aqueous processing for the cathode materials is still problematic as metal leaching from the cathode active material and the resultant highly alkaline slurries lead to the production of surface impurities, a delithiated subsurface, and aluminum current collector corrosion, which have a detrimental effect on the electrochemical performance. [1,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Various strategies with diverse cathode materials have been developed to improve aqueous-manufactured electrodes, wherein the modification of…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface Modification of LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ Particles via Li₃PO₄ Coating to Enable Aqueous Electrode Processing

et al. 2020

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The successful implementation of an aqueous-based electrode manufacturing process for nickel-rich cathode active materials is challenging due to their high water sensitivity. In this work, the surface of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA) was modified with a lithium phosphate coating to investigate its ability to protect the active material during electrode production. The results illustrate that the coating amount is crucial and a compromise has to be made between protection during electrode processing and sufficient electronic conductivity through the particle surface. Cells with water-based electrodes containing NCA with an optimized amount of lithium phosphate had a slightly lower specific discharge capacity than cells with conventional Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidone-based electrodes. Nonetheless, the cells with optimized water-based electrodes could compete in terms of cycle life. the active material by applying surface coatings seems to be very promising. [6-11,16] LiNiCoAlO 2 (NCA) has attracted significant attention as a cathode active material because of its high energy density. [17] However, NCA is known to be extremely sensitive to moisture, [15,18-20] making it a difficult candidate for the aqueous electrode processing. According to the results in the literature, it is assumed that aqueous processing of NCA will not be successful without additional surface modifications, prior to electrode fabrication [10,11] or in situ surface modification during processing [8,9] or in a combination of both. [21] The strong PÀ O-bonding energy in the PO 4 3À ion gives metal phosphates high structural stability against chemical attack. [22-24] Various phosphate coatings such as Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 , [25] FePO 4 , [26] LiMnPO 4 , [27] MgHPO 4 , [28] BiPO 4 , [29] Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4) 3 , [30] Li 3 PO 4 , [23,31] Co 3 (PO 4) 2 , [32,33] LiFePO 4 , [34] and AlPO 4 [31,33,35] have been studied on NCA and resulted in improved electrochemical performance. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, a phosphatecoated NCA has never been used in a combination with a waterbased electrode manufacturing process. Amongst the phosphate coatings mentioned above, Li 3 PO 4 is relatively easy to synthesize and, in contrast to other metal phosphates such as Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 , Co 3 (PO 4) 2 , BiPO 4 , FePO 4 , MgHPO 4 , and AlPO 4, a lithium-ion conductor. [36,37] The latter aspect might comparatively facilitate the migration of lithium ions through the particles surface. Therefore, in this study, the surface of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 particles was modified by applying Li 3 PO 4 coatings via a simple precipitation reaction. The modified particles are compared with pristine NCA in terms of their processability in water and their electrochemical performance in cells. Finally, the cycle stability of cells with electrodes prepared via an aqueous and the conventional NMP route as reference is investigated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Modification of LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ Particles via Li₃PO₄ Coating to Enable Aqueous Electrode Processing

et al. 2020

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“…This has been performed by carbon coating the active NMC particles [109], the Al foil [67], or by lowering the pH by using pH modifiers such as amphoteric oxides (Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 ) [110] or PA [64]. A recent study conducted by Bauer et al [111] on the addition of various acids revealed that PAA pH modifiers could decrease the adhesion strength and eventually decrease the long-term cyclability of NMC111 cells. They found that the best electrode properties were obtained at pH 9-10, above the Al foil's stability region [111].…”

Section: Aqueous Processing Of Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study conducted by Bauer et al [111] on the addition of various acids revealed that PAA pH modifiers could decrease the adhesion strength and eventually decrease the long-term cyclability of NMC111 cells. They found that the best electrode properties were obtained at pH 9-10, above the Al foil's stability region [111].…”

Section: Aqueous Processing Of Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities for the State-of-the-Art Production of LIB Electrodes—A Review

Bryntesen¹,

Strømman²,

Tolstorebrov³

et al. 2021

Energies

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A sustainable shift from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) is essential to achieve a considerable reduction in emissions. The production of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) used in EVs is an energy-intensive and costly process. It can also lead to significant embedded emissions depending on the source of energy used. In fact, about 39% of the energy consumption in LIB production is associated with drying processes, where the electrode drying step accounts for about a half. Despite the enormous energy consumption and costs originating from drying processes, they are seldomly researched in the battery industry. Establishing knowledge within the LIB industry regarding state-of-the-art drying techniques and solvent evaporation mechanisms is vital for optimising process conditions, detecting alternative solvent systems, and discovering novel techniques. This review aims to give a summary of the state-of-the-art LIB processing techniques. An in-depth understanding of the influential factors for each manufacturing step of LIBs is then established, emphasising the electrode structure and electrochemical performance. Special attention is dedicated to the convection drying step in conventional water and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)-based electrode manufacturing. Solvent omission in dry electrode processing substantially lowers the energy demand and allows for a thick, mechanically stable electrode coating. Small changes in the electrode manufacturing route may have an immense impact on the final battery performance. Electrodes used for research and development often have a different production route and techniques compared to those processed in industry. The scalability issues related to the comparison across scales are discussed and further emphasised when the industry moves towards the next-generation techniques. Finally, the critical aspects of the innovations and industrial modifications that aim to overcome the main challenges are presented.

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“…[111][112][113] However, the more cost-effective route may be pH modification, which has been achieved most commonly by adding acids. [114][115][116][117][118][119][120] Some of these acids have been shown to provide the additional benefit of protecting the surface of active materials from further Li depletion.…”

Section: Would the Manufacturing Base Change For Beyond Libs?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Operation, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain of Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Belharouak

Nanda

Self

et al. 2020

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Effects of pH control by acid addition at the aqueous processing of cathodes for lithium ion batteries

Cited by 68 publications

References 45 publications

Surface Modification of LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ Particles via Li₃PO₄ Coating to Enable Aqueous Electrode Processing

Surface Modification of LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ Particles via Li₃PO₄ Coating to Enable Aqueous Electrode Processing

Opportunities for the State-of-the-Art Production of LIB Electrodes—A Review

Operation, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain of Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

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Effects of pH control by acid addition at the aqueous processing of cathodes for lithium ion batteries

Cited by 68 publications

References 45 publications

Surface Modification of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Particles via Li3PO4 Coating to Enable Aqueous Electrode Processing

Surface Modification of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Particles via Li3PO4 Coating to Enable Aqueous Electrode Processing

Opportunities for the State-of-the-Art Production of LIB Electrodes—A Review

Operation, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain of Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Surface Modification of LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ Particles via Li₃PO₄ Coating to Enable Aqueous Electrode Processing

Surface Modification of LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ Particles via Li₃PO₄ Coating to Enable Aqueous Electrode Processing