Effects of pH and the plasma or serum concentrations of total calcium, chloride, magnesium,l‐lactate, and albumin on the plasma ionized calcium concentration in calves

Abstract

Background The plasma ionized calcium concentration ( c Ca 2+ ) represents the biologically active form of calcium and is the preferred method for evaluating calcium status in animals. Different pH‐corrective equations have been developed for human plasma, but the validity of the equations for bovine plasma is unknown. Hypothesis We hypothesized that pH‐corrective equations for bovine plasma would be similar to those used for human plasma; c Ca 2+ was dependent on the plasma concentrations of total calcium ( c TCa), chloride ( c Cl), L‐lactate ( c Lactate), and albumin ( c Albumin); and the in vitro and in vivo c Ca 2+ ‐pH relationships would differ. Animals Ten healthy calves (in vitro study), 1426 critically ill calves. Methods The in vitro plasma log 10 ( c Ca 2+ )‐pH relationship was determined by CO 2 tonometry of 465 plasma samples. Plasma c Cl was altered by equivolume dilution of plasma with 3 electrolyte solutions of different c Cl. The in vivo plasma c Ca 2+ ‐pH relationship was investigated and validated using clinicopathologic data extracted from the medical records of 950 (model development) and 476 (model validation) critically ill calves. Results pH‐corrective equations for bovine plasma were similar to those used for human plasma. Plasma c Ca 2+ increased in vitro with increases in plasma c Cl. Plasma c Ca 2+ in critically ill calves was associated with plasma c TCa, blood pH, plasma c Cl, serum c Mg, and c L‐lactate ( R 2 = 0.69) but not plasma c Albumin. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Calculation of c Ca 2+ from c TCa in calf plasma or serum requires adjustment for at least pH and c Cl when 1 or both are outside the reference range.

The effect of age and sex on selected hematologic and serum biochemical analytes in 4,804 elite endurance-trained sled dogs participating in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race pre-race examination program

“…There is a discrepant association between total Ca concentration and age in humans, with a decrease [25], increase [26], or no change [27] with age being reported. Analytes that are physiologically associated with total and ionized Ca concentration, such as serum Phos and Alb concentration [28], were also negatively associated with age in our study population. As the decrease in serum total Ca concentration with…”

Biochemical parameters, dynamic tensiometry and circulating nucleic acids for cattle blood analysis: a review

“…Refractometry and spectrophotometry are the relatively simple and traditional tools to measure the "total protein" content (i.e., all proteins and popypeptides) in serum, whereas the numerious modifications of the electrophoretic technique are used to evaluate albumin and globulin fractions (Constable, Trefz & Stämpfli, 2019;Kaneko, Harvey & Bruss, 2008;Zaitsev, 2016). The particular data of the "total protein" content in cow's blood are summarized in the Table 1.…”

“…Hyperproteinemia (increased "total protein" content) is due to dehydration or inflammation, whereas hypoproteinemia (decreased "total protein" content) is caused mainly by insufficient amount of adequate protein in nutrition for animals, diarrhea, etc. (Constable, Trefz & Stämpfli, 2019;Kaneko, Harvey & Bruss, 2008;Zaitsev, 2016). Anemia, problems in feeding of herds or specific animals, some their parasites should be evaluated first, then the problems with the gastrointestinal or urinary tracts should be suspected (Maximov et al, 2012).…”

“…That is why, a fibrinogen level is easy to estimate using the difference in the "total protein" values in plasma and serum of the same blood samples. There is not only increasing content of some usual proteins, such as fibrinogen, found by inflammation, but also appearance of special so-called "acute phase proteins" is observed (Constable, Trefz & Stämpfli, 2019;Maximov et al, 2012). Appearance of the "acute phase proteins", such as C-reactive protein (CRP), cryoglobulins, etc., in blood can be considered as inflammation markers both for humans and animals (Kholod & Ermolaev, 1988;Maximov et al, 2012;Zaitsev & Konopatov, 2005;Zaitsev, 2017).…”

“…These tests are helpful to speed up the final diagnosis decision, as well as for planning and control of "therapeutic" treatment (Zaitsev, Maksimov & Bardyukova, 2008;Zaitsev, 2016;Voronina, 2017). Of course, a particular diagnosis in the case of severу diseases usually needs specific tests (Zaitsev, Maksimov & Bardyukova, 2008;Constable, Trefz & Stämpfli, 2019;Kaneko, Harvey & Bruss, 2008). Interpretation of major biochemical parameters (MBP) usually is similar across major animal species, but there are a few peculiarities in each case, especially well-known for cattle.…”