Effects of Perceptual Learning on Local Stereopsis and Neuronal Responses of V1 and V2 in Prism-Reared Monkeys

Nakatsuka, C.; Zhang, Bin; Watanabe, Ichirô; Zheng, Jianghe; Bai, Hua; Ganz, Leo; Smith, Earl L.; Harwerth, Ronald S.; Chino, Yuzo M.

doi:10.1152/jn.01001.2006

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Here we document recovery of stereopsis through PL in human adults who are stereoblind or severely stereodeficient. Our results are consistent with the recent report of Nakatsuka et al (13) that adult monkeys with mild stereo deficiencies (i.e., that required a larger depth cue) improved their stereoacuity through PL. However, these investigators were unable to train monkeys with severe deficits (e.g., that had no response to depth cues).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…It seems that the strong suppression of the NDE by the DE has little effect on the stereo performance in the recovered stereopsis for our amblyopic/strabismic observers. This surprising result may be relevant to the neurophysiological data reported by Nakatsuka et al (13), which imply that the improvement of disparity sensitivity in prism-reared monkeys occurs primarily beyond cortical area V1.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…In a few instances, improvement of stereopsis appears to be a side benefit of improving monocular vision through PL in juvenile amblyopia (11) or by reducing suppression (12). Recently, Nakatsuka et al (13) reported that adult monkeys with mild stereo deficiencies (i.e., that required a larger depth cue than normal) improved their stereoacuity through PL after 10,000-20,000 trials. The purpose of the present study was to test whether the recovery of stereopsis can be induced through PL, in human observers who have suffered longstanding stereoblindness and, if so, the nature of the recovered stereopsis.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Recovery of stereopsis through perceptual learning in human adults with abnormal binocular vision

Ding

Levi

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

124

111

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Stereopsis, the perception of depth based on the disparity of the images projected to the retinas of the two eyes, is an important process in our three-dimensional world; however, 3-5% of the population is stereoblind or has seriously impaired stereovision. Here we provide evidence for the recovery of stereopsis through perceptual learning, the repetitive practice of a demanding visual task, in human adults long deprived of normal binocular vision. We used a training paradigm that combines monocular cues that were correlated perfectly with the disparity cues. Following perceptual learning (thousands of trials) with stereoscopic gratings, five adults who initially were stereoblind or stereoanomalous showed substantial recovery of stereopsis, both on psychophysical tests with stimuli that contained no monocular cues and on clinical testing. They reported that depth "popped out" in daily life, and enjoyed 3D movies for the first time. After training, stereo tests with dynamic random-dot stereograms and band-pass noise revealed the properties of the recovered stereopsis: It has reduced resolution and precision, although it is based on perceiving depth by detecting binocular disparity. We conclude that some human adults deprived of normal binocular vision can recover stereopsis at least partially.stereo training | strabismus/amblyopia | adult plasticity S tereoblindness and stereoanomaly often result from strabismus (a turned eye) or amblyopia (lazy eye) during early childhood. If not treated early enough, strabismus and amblyopia may result in reduced or no stereopsis. Treatment is seldom undertaken in adults; however, Sue Barry's (1) transformative journey from the many visual, social, and psychological challenges of strabismus early in life, to the sudden enrichment of her perceptions of the world following successful unconventional visual therapy begun at 48 years of age suggests that recovery of stereopsis in adults may be possible. Much of Barry's training focused on getting her eyes into alignment, so that she could take advantage of any stereo mechanisms that may have been present but not useful because of the eye turn.In the present study, we used a stereoscope to aid eye alignment and perceptual learning (PL) to train stereopsis in five adults who were stereoblind or stereoanomalous. Recent studies suggest PL may provide an important method for recovery of vision in adults with amblyopia (2), leading to improvement in Vernier acuity (3, 4), position discrimination (5), spatial interaction (6), contrast detection (7), and letter recognition (8-10). In a few instances, improvement of stereopsis appears to be a side benefit of improving monocular vision through PL in juvenile amblyopia (11) or by reducing suppression (12). Recently, Nakatsuka et al. (13) reported that adult monkeys with mild stereo deficiencies (i.e., that required a larger depth cue than normal) improved their stereoacuity through PL after 10,000-20,000 trials. The purpose of the present study was to test whether the recovery of stereopsis ca...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recovery of stereopsis through perceptual learning in human adults with abnormal binocular vision

Ding

Levi

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

124

111

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“…For example, Nakatsuka et al (2007) reported that adult monkeys reared with prisms had mild stereo deficiencies that improved through PL after 10,000– 20,000 trials.…”

Section: Can Stereopsis Be Recovered In Children and Adults With Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereopsis and amblyopia: A mini-review

2015

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Amblyopia is a neuro-developmental disorder of the visual cortex that arises from abnormal visual experience early in life. Amblyopia is clinically important because it is a major cause of vision loss in infants and young children. Amblyopia is also of basic interest because it reflects the neural impairment that occurs when normal visual development is disrupted. Amblyopia provides an ideal model for understanding when and how brain plasticity may be harnessed for recovery of function. Over the past two decades there has been a rekindling of interest in developing more effective methods for treating amblyopia, and for extending the treatment beyond the critical period, as exemplified by new clinical trials and new basic research studies. The focus of this review is on stereopsis and its potential for recovery. Impaired stereoscopic depth perception is the most common deficit associated with amblyopia under ordinary (binocular) viewing conditions (Webber & Wood, 2005). Our review of the extant literature suggests that this impairment may have a substantial impact on visuomotor tasks, difficulties in playing sports in children and locomoting safely in older adults. Furthermore, impaired stereopsis may also limit career options for amblyopes. Finally, stereopsis is more impacted in strabismic than in anisometropic amblyopia. Our review of the various approaches to treating amblyopia (patching, perceptual learning, videogames) suggests that there are several promising new approaches to recovering stereopsis in both anisometropic and strabismic amblyopes. However, recovery of stereoacuity may require more active treatment in strabismic than in anisometropic amblyopia. Individuals with strabismic amblyopia have a very low probability of improvement with monocular training; however they fare better with dichoptic training than with monocular training, and even better with direct stereo training.

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“…However, there are a limited number of experimental studies documenting recovery of stereopsis in adults who have long been deprived of normal binocular vision. Nakatsuka et al [6] reported that adult monkeys reared with prisms had mild stereo deficiencies that improved through perceptual learning (PL) after 10 000-20 000 trials. Astle et al [7] reported on two cases of humans with anisometropic amblyopia whose stereopsis improved following a learning-based course of training, which included refractive adaptation followed by monocular PL as well as stereoscopic PL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovering stereo vision by squashing virtual bugs in a virtual reality environment

Vedamurthy

Knill

Huang

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 15 to a theme issue 'Vision in our three-dimensional world'. Stereopsis is the rich impression of three-dimensionality, based on binocular disparity-the differences between the two retinal images of the same world. However, a substantial proportion of the population is stereo-deficient, and relies mostly on monocular cues to judge the relative depth or distance of objects in the environment. Here we trained adults who were stereo blind or stereodeficient owing to strabismus and/or amblyopia in a natural visuomotor task-a 'bug squashing' game-in a virtual reality environment. The subjects' task was to squash a virtual dichoptic bug on a slanted surface, by hitting it with a physical cylinder they held in their hand. The perceived surface slant was determined by monocular texture and stereoscopic cues, with these cues being either consistent or in conflict, allowing us to track the relative weighting of monocular versus stereoscopic cues as training in the task progressed. Following training most participants showed greater reliance on stereoscopic cues, reduced suppression and improved stereoacuity. Importantly, the traininginduced changes in relative stereo weights were significant predictors of the improvements in stereoacuity. We conclude that some adults deprived of normal binocular vision and insensitive to the disparity information can, with appropriate experience, recover access to more reliable stereoscopic information.This article is part of the themed issue 'Vision in our three-dimensional world'.

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Effects of Perceptual Learning on Local Stereopsis and Neuronal Responses of V1 and V2 in Prism-Reared Monkeys

Cited by 22 publications

References 83 publications

Recovery of stereopsis through perceptual learning in human adults with abnormal binocular vision

Recovery of stereopsis through perceptual learning in human adults with abnormal binocular vision

Stereopsis and amblyopia: A mini-review

Recovering stereo vision by squashing virtual bugs in a virtual reality environment

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