Effects of Pentobarbital on Plasma Glucose and Free Fatty Acids in the Rat

Furner, Raymond L.; Neville, E. D.; Talarico, K. S.; Feller, David

doi:10.3181/00379727-139-36116

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Previous studies have indicated that most anesthetic agents induced hyperglycemia except sodium pentobarbital [40][41][42] . However, other previous studies reported hyperglycemia as a result of pentobarbital overdose www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ (100 and 150 mg/kg) in agreement with the present study 43,44 . The increased glucose plasma levels recorded in the present study may be due to induction of hepatic insulin resistance which in turn causes gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia 45,46 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Sodium pentobarbital dosages for exsanguination affect biochemical, molecular and histological measurements in rats

Mohamed

Hosney

Bassiony

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Rodents are widely used for animal research in Egypt. Pentobarbital is the most common anesthetic agent; however overdoses may affect the experimental outcomes and limit the use of tissues. To investigate the effects of sodium pentobarbital overdoses during exsanguination, three groups (6 rats/ group) of male and female rats were injected i.p. with 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg of sodium pentobarbital, then carotid exsanguination was performed immediately after loss of consciousness. Hypoxiainducible factor 1-alpha (Hif1a) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnfa) mRNA expressions in liver and kidney organs were evaluated. As well as, serum aminotransferase activities (AST&ALT), glucose, urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels were determined. The histological alterations in liver, kidney and spleen were studied. It was found that Hif1a and Tnfa were significantly overexpressed in the studied organs and serum AST, glucose, creatinine and urea levels were significantly increased after sodium pentobarbital overdoses (100 and 150 mg/kg) compared to 50 mg/kg dose. Similarly, significant increase in MDA and GSH levels of liver, kidney and spleen were noticed. Results showed gender difference where Hif1a and Tnfa levels were significantly overexpressed at high dose of sodium pentobarbital of liver and kidney organs in female more than male rats. Since euthanasia protocol may influence the physiological variables and affect genes' expression, it is recommended to avoid sodium pentobarbital overdose during euthanasia as it may interfere with the biochemical, molecular and histological measurements. In Egypt, rodents are considered the first choice for the majority of animal research and training. Euthanasia of animals is generally performed upon completion of the study or if a humane endpoint has been reached. Last updates of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) and American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) euthanasia guidelines 1 describe several techniques for successful euthanasia to refine killing methods for rats and other laboratory animals 2. Euthanasia procedures are divided into two main methods; chemical and physical. Ideally, a mechanical method, such as exsanguination, should be implemented after the chemical death. Pentobarbital is an anesthetic agent commonly used in euthanasia. Olsen and Li (2011) reported that sodium pentobarbital is an injectable, fast-acting, central nervous system depressant which acts via GABA receptors to cause a loss of consciousness and cardiovascular depression 3. In the AVMA Guidelines, anesthetic overdose is recommended as an acceptable method of euthanasia. For rodents, overdose of sodium pentobarbital is the most preferable euthanizing agent 4-6. The main reported negative side effects of pentobarbital mono-anesthesia are cardiovascular and respiratory systems depression, decreased arterial blood pressure, peripheral vasodilation, decreased cardiac output and depression of the vasopressor response to hemorrhage 7. Moreover, ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Sodium pentobarbital dosages for exsanguination affect biochemical, molecular and histological measurements in rats

Mohamed

Hosney

Bassiony

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Glycemia did not differ significantly among the groups, but it tended to be lower in the CR compared with the AL-fed group. Blood was sampled by cardiac puncture after anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium, which can increase circulating glucose in rats (16). Thus absolute glucose values should be interpreted with caution, but the relative difference (8%) between AL-fed and CR rats compares with the relative reduction (4-10%) previously reported for arterial blood from unanesthetized CR vs. AL-fed rats (10,37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower calorie intake enhances muscle insulin action and reduces hexosamine levels

Gazdag

Wetter

Davidson

et al. 2000

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Previous studies have demonstrated enhanced insulin sensitivity in calorie-restricted [CR, fed 60% ad libitum (AL) one time daily] compared with AL-fed rats. To evaluate the effects of reduced food intake, independent of temporal differences in consumption, we studied AL (unlimited food access)-fed and CR (fed one time daily) rats along with groups temporally matched for feeding [fed 3 meals (M) daily]: MAL and MCR, eating 100 and 60% of AL intake, respectively. Insulin-stimulated glucose transport by isolated muscle was increased in MCR and CR vs. AL and MAL; there was no significant difference for MCR vs. CR or MAL vs. AL. Intramuscular triglyceride concentration, which is inversely related to insulin sensitivity in some conditions, did not differ among groups. Muscle concentration of UDP-N-acetylhexosamines [end products of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP)] was lower in MCR vs. MAL despite unaltered glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase activity (rate-limiting enzyme for HBP). These results indicate that the CR-induced increase in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle is attributable to an altered amount, not timing, of food intake and is independent of lower triglyceride concentration. They further suggest that enhanced insulin action might involve changes in HBP.

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“…In rats, which have been most extensively studied, there are no metabolic data from conception to term. In addition, most of the data in rats have been obtained over the latter half of gestation using a variety of techniques [by decapitation (9,27); under anesthesia (14,20,33); in awake animals (39); and most recently, in chronically chatheterized animals (lo)]. These studies have produced quite variable results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Aspects of Maternal Metabolism Throughout Pregnancy in the Conscious Rabbit

1984

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SummaryStudies of maternal metabolism during pregnancy have focused principally upon the latter half of gestation. However, maternal metabolic adaptations to pregnancy may occur at all stages of pregnancy. To study maternal metabolism throughout pregnancy, we developed a chronically catheterized rabbit model in which animals could be studied under conscious, stress-free conditions when nonpregnant and then serially throughout pregnancy.Anesthesia produced marked hyperglycemia. In contrast, chronic catheterization and daily handling did not affect blood concentrations of glucose, lactate, ketone bodies, or free fatty acids, or food intake. Glucose concentration decreased with pregnancy to a value at term equal to 85% of the prepregnancy value. Lactate concentration rose significantly in the second half of pregnancy but changes in free fatty acids and ketoacid levels were not significant. These results are discussed from a comparative physiologic point of view, emphasizing the unique aspects of rabbit metabolism during pregnancy and the importance of performing such studies under conscious, stress-free conditions.The impact of pregnancy upon maternal metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids has been studied in the rat (14,20), guinea pigs (I I, 37), and man (8,18,30). In these species, most studies were performed over the latter third of gestation. It is probable that the timing and the magnitude ofmaternal metabolic changes during pregnancy may be related to such factors as the growth rate of the fetus and the placenta, the fetal and placental mass and metabolic rate at different stages of pregnancy, and the maternal diet. In particular, animal species with a relatively short gestation that produce a large fetal to maternal mass ratio at term (i.e., guinea pig, 0.50; rat, 0.17; and rabbit, 0.15) are of interest with regard to the maternal metabolic changes which occur during the entirety of gestation.The majority of metabolic studies during pregnancy have involved surgical, anesthetic, and handling stress. In particular, in the rabbit there have been no studies describing maternal metabolism at any time of pregnancy under chronic, stress-free, steady state conditions. The present paper describes our results in developing techniques for chronic catheterization of rabbits prior to pregnancy, permitting metabolic studies in the conscious

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Effects of Pentobarbital on Plasma Glucose and Free Fatty Acids in the Rat

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Sodium pentobarbital dosages for exsanguination affect biochemical, molecular and histological measurements in rats

Sodium pentobarbital dosages for exsanguination affect biochemical, molecular and histological measurements in rats

Lower calorie intake enhances muscle insulin action and reduces hexosamine levels

Some Aspects of Maternal Metabolism Throughout Pregnancy in the Conscious Rabbit

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